{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T06:59:07Z","timestamp":1778482747486,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Specialty Program of Pudong New District, Shanghai","award":["PWZzk2022-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PWZzk2022-18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>This study aimed to construct preoperative prediction models for extrathyroidal extension (ETE) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) based on ultrasonic radiomics and explore their clinical application value. This retrospective study included PTC patients treated across three centers from 2015 to 2023. Data for 609 cases from two centers were utilized for model construction and divided 4:1 into a training set (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009487; 144 with ETE and 343 without ETE) and test set (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009122; 58 with ETE and 64 without ETE). The external validation set comprised 109 PTC patients from the third center (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009109; 55 with ETE and 54 without ETE). Image features were extracted using Pyradiomics. Feature selection and dimensionality reduction were performed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and principal component analysis to construct radiomics models. Model performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and clinical benefit was assessed by decision curve analysis. A total of 806 radiomics features were extracted from the training set data. After feature selection and dimensionality reduction, six significant features were included in the models, including one gray-level size zone matrix feature, one shape feature, one first-order feature, one gray-level run-length matrix feature, and two gray-level co-occurrence matrix features. The extreme gradient boosting (XGB) model showed the best performance in both the test and external validation sets, with area under the ROC curve values of 0.841 and 0.814, respectively. In conclusion, the XGB preoperative ETE prediction model for PTC based on ultrasonic radiomics offers good clinical application value for decision-making regarding therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19908-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T10:01:03Z","timestamp":1760608863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prediction model for extrathyroidal extension in thyroid papillary carcinoma based on ultrasound radiomics"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sha-Sha","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin-Ran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Qin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiao-Jiao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing-Qing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang-Jie","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying-Fei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Hong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"19908_CR1","first-page":"47","volume":"4","author":"B Han","year":"2024","unstructured":"Han, B. et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in china, 2022. J. Natl. Cancer Cent. 4, 47\u201353 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Cent."},{"key":"19908_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.4058","volume":"127","author":"A Lewi\u0144ski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lewi\u0144ski, A. & Adamczewski, Z. Papillary thyroid carcinoma: a cancer with an extremely diverse genetic background and prognosis. Pol. Arch. Intern. Med. 127, 388\u2013389 (2017).","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"19908_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0000000000000184","volume":"25","author":"MC Nath","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nath, M. C. & Erickson, L. A. Aggressive variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma: hobnail, tall cell, columnar, and solid. Adv. Anat. Pathol. 25, 172\u2013179 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"19908_CR4","unstructured":"Amin, M. B., Edge, S. & Greene, F. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 8th edn (Springer, 2017)."},{"key":"19908_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149826","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1149826","volume":"14","author":"M Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, M. et al. Causal inference between aggressive extrathyroidal extension and survival in papillary thyroid cancer: a propensity score matching and weighting analysis. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 14, 1149826 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"19908_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599817697189","volume":"156","author":"B Salari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salari, B., Hammon, R. J., Kamani, D. & Randolph, G. W. Staged surgery for advanced thyroid cancers: safety and oncologic outcomes of neural monitored surgery. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 156, 816\u2013821 (2017).","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"19908_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-019-07314-x","volume":"26","author":"YK Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, Y. K. et al. The prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer with initial distant metastasis is strongly associated with extensive extrathyroidal extension: A retrospective cohort study. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 26, 2200\u20132209 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"19908_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2018.05.009","volume":"44","author":"L Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, L. et al. Clinical significance of extrathyroidal extension according to primary tumor size in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 44, 1754\u20131759 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"19908_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-016-5594-4","volume":"24","author":"JW Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, J. W. et al. Extent of extrathyroidal extension as a significant predictor of nodal metastasis and extranodal extension in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 24, 460\u2013468 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"19908_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-022-02629-8","volume":"20","author":"RY Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song, R. Y., Kim, H. S. & Kang, K. H. Minimal extrathyroidal extension is associated with lymph node metastasis in single papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 814 patients. World J. Surg. Oncol. 20, 170 (2022).","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"19908_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450124666230222093308","volume":"24","author":"D Yadav","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yadav, D., Sharma, P. K., Malviya, R. & Mishra, P. S. Strategies for treatment of thyroid cancer. Curr. Drug Targets. 24, 406\u2013415 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"19908_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000346","volume":"25","author":"RA Dedivitis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dedivitis, R. A., Aires, F. T. & Cernea, C. R. Hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy: prevention, assessment and management. Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 25, 142\u2013146 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"19908_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.09.016","volume":"22","author":"T Rago","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rago, T. & Vitti, P. Role of thyroid ultrasound in the diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodules. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 22, 913\u2013928 (2008).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"19908_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030045","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1030045","volume":"13","author":"JW Feng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feng, J. W. et al. LASSO-based machine learning models for the prediction of central lymph node metastasis in clinically negative patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 13, 1030045 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"19908_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2024.03.012","volume":"31","author":"S Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. Ultrasound-Base radiomics for discerning lymph node metastasis in thyroid cancer: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Acad. Radiol. 31, 3118\u20133130 (2024).","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"19908_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07670-3","volume":"31","author":"J Yoon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoon, J. et al. Implications of US radiomics signature for predicting malignancy in thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology. Eur. Radiol. 31, 5059\u20135067 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"19908_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2024-0040","volume":"58","author":"H Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu, H. et al. The superior value of radiomics to sonographic assessment for ultrasound-based evaluation of extrathyroidal extension in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective study. Radiol. Oncol. 58, 386\u2013396 (2024).","journal-title":"Radiol. Oncol."},{"key":"19908_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.79758","volume":"20","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Multiclassifier radiomics analysis of ultrasound for prediction of extrathyroidal extension in papillary thyroid carcinoma in children. Int. J. Med. Sci. 20, 278\u2013286 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"19908_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, L. et al. Predicting extrathyroidal extension in papillary thyroid carcinoma using a Clinical-Radiomics nomogram based on B-Mode and Contrast-Enhanced ultrasound. Diagnostics (Basel) 13, 1734 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13101734"},{"key":"19908_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-023-01049-8","volume":"23","author":"F Wan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wan, F. et al. Preoperative prediction of extrathyroidal extension: radiomics signature based on multimodal ultrasound to papillary thyroid carcinoma. BMC Med. Imaging. 23, 96 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Imaging"},{"key":"19908_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2022.03.005","volume":"50","author":"K Enomoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Enomoto, K. & Inohara, H. Surgical strategy of locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer. Auris Nasus Larynx. 50, 23\u201331 (2023).","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"19908_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Issa, P. P. et al. The diagnostic performance of ultrasonography in the evaluation of extrathyroidal extension in papillary thyroid carcinoma: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Int J. Mol. Sci 24, 371 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010371"},{"key":"19908_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18344","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45642-x","volume":"13","author":"H Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, H., Zhao, S., Yao, J., Yu, X. & Xu, D. Factors influencing extrathyroidal extension of papillary thyroid cancer and evaluation of ultrasonography for its diagnosis: a retrospective analysis. Sci. Rep. 13, 18344 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"19908_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-025-01572-w","volume":"25","author":"R Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, R. et al. Omniview of three-dimensional ultrasound for prospective evaluation of extrathyroidal extension of differentiated thyroid cancer. BMC Med. Imaging. 25, 42 (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Imaging"},{"key":"19908_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2011.11.036","volume":"48","author":"P Lambin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lambin, P. et al. Radiomics: extracting more information from medical images using advanced feature analysis. Eur. J. Cancer. 48, 441\u2013446 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"19908_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.12.008","volume":"31","author":"JW Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng, J. W. et al. Development and validation of Clinical-Radiomics nomogram for preoperative prediction of central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Acad. Radiol. 31, 2292\u20132305 (2024).","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"19908_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.4183\/aeb.2022.407","volume":"18","author":"WJ Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu, W. J. et al. Radiomics based on two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound for extrathyroidal extension feature prediction in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Acta Endocrinol. (Buchar). 18, 407\u2013416 (2022).","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol. (Buchar)"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-19908-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-19908-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-19908-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T10:01:08Z","timestamp":1760608868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-19908-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["19908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-19908-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Gongli Hospital, Pudong New Area, Shanghai (Approval No. GLYY1s2024-043). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and volunteers.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"36200"}}