{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:07:59Z","timestamp":1790305679302,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007950","name":"Tanta University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The presence of heavy metals in wastewater poses serious ecological and environmental issues. Using biogenic nano adsorbents to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater could be beneficial and serve as an alternative to traditional chemical and physical methods in real-world applications. The aim of this study is to biosynthesize green iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. This process utilizes a cell-free extract derived from heavy metal-resistant fungi that were isolated from various industrial wastewater effluents in Egypt. Several fungal strains were examined for their ability to produce IONPs. A molecular identification of the most powerful fungus was made. The color change, as observed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, indicated that IONPs were being produced. Box-Behnken design (BBD) and Plackett-Burman design (PBD) were used to optimize the mycosynthesis of IONPs. The iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) produced through mycosynthesis were characterized using several techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After characterization, we evaluated their ability to extract heavy metal nanoparticles from both industrial and synthetic wastewater effluents. The results showed that different levels of IONPs were formed by various fungal strains:\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain F1,\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain F2,\n                    <jats:italic>Mucor sp.<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain F3, and\n                    <jats:italic>Alternaria sp.<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain F4. Molecular analysis identified the most effective fungus for IONP production as\n                    <jats:italic>A. niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    AUMC 16028. The myco-synthesized IONPs were validated through the analyses conducted. Optimal conditions for IONP myco-synthesis included 8\u00a0g\/L of yeast extract, a reaction temperature of 40\u00a0\u00b0C, and a culture period of 6 days. The myco-synthesized IONPs achieved heavy metal removal efficiencies of 92.47% for copper (Cu\u00b2\u207a), 72.77% for iron (Fe\u00b3\u207a), 84.76% for manganese (Mn\u00b2\u207a), 70.28% for zinc (Zn\u00b2\u207a), and 80.79% for chromium (Cr\u00b3\u207a) in synthetic wastewater. Furthermore, the removal efficiencies of Zn\u00b2\u207a and Fe\u00b3\u207a in industrial effluent were 78.75% and 90.74%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the heavy metals copper, iron, manganese, zinc, and chromium were effectively removed from synthetic wastewater, as well as iron and zinc from industrial wastewater, through the myco-synthesis and optimization of IONPs derived from\n                    <jats:italic>A. niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    AUMC 16028. This research offers a promising, green environmentally friendly, and efficient method for long-term industrial wastewater bioremediation and contributing to additional clean water resources.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19925-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T19:40:25Z","timestamp":1759866025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Nano-bioremediation of metal-polluted industrial wastewater using myco-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles derived from Aspergillus niger AUMC 16028"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6642-7574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abd El-Raheem Ramadan","family":"El-Shanshoury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4611-2601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Metwally Abd El-Azeem","family":"Metwally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9753-9883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nanis Gamal","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6133-4979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hany Eltohamy","family":"Hemdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7005-063X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wafaa Kamel","family":"Abdella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1992-7490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef Moustafa","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"19925_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojha, N., Karn, R., Abbas, S. & Bhugra, S. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 796, 012012 (2021).","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/796\/1\/012012"},{"key":"19925_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inwati, G. K. et al. Smart Supercapacitors\u2014A New Perspective 159\u2013176 (Elsevier, 2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-90530-5.00027-7"},{"key":"19925_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122496","volume":"297","author":"GK Gupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gupta, G. K. & Shukla, P. Insights into the resources generation from pulp and paper industry wastes: challenges, perspectives and innovations. Bioresour. Technol. 297, 122496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122496 (2020).","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol."},{"key":"19925_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1515\/revce-2017-0005","volume":"34","author":"Z Vaseghi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vaseghi, Z., Nematollahzadeh, A. & Tavakoli, O. Green methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles using biogenic reducing agents: a review. Rev. Chem. Eng. 34, 529\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/revce-2017-0005 (2018).","journal-title":"Rev. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"19925_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plana.2023.100047","volume":"5","author":"NA Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh, N. A. et al. . Nanoparticles synthesis via microorganisms and their prospective applications in agriculture. Plant. Nano Biol. 5, 100047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plana.2023.100047 (2023).","journal-title":"Plant. Nano Biol."},{"key":"19925_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13030424","volume":"13","author":"MC Zambonino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zambonino, M. C. et al. Biogenic selenium nanoparticles in biomedical sciences: properties, current trends, novel opportunities and emerging challenges in theranostic nanomedicine. Nanomaterials 13, 424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano13030424 (2023).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"19925_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463955","DOI":"10.1080\/10667857.2025.2463955","volume":"40","author":"T Varadavenkatesan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Varadavenkatesan, T., Nagendran, V., Vinayagam, R., Goveas, L. C. & Selvaraj, R. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Lagerstroemia speciosa fruit extract: catalytic efficiency in dye degradation. Mat. Technol. 40, 2463955 (2025).","journal-title":"Mat. Technol."},{"key":"19925_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2164647","DOI":"10.1080\/10667857.2022.2164647","volume":"38","author":"KD Dejen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dejen, K. D. et al. Green synthesis and characterisation of silver nanoparticles from leaf and bark extract of Croton macrostachyus for antibacterial activity. Mat. Technol. 38, 2164647 (2023).","journal-title":"Mat. Technol."},{"key":"19925_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rath, P., Bhardwaj, L. K., Yadav, P. & Bhardwaj, A. K. A synthesis of biogenic nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment of wastewater and its application: A review. In Biogenic Wastes-Enabled Nanomaterial Synthesis: Applications in Environmental Sustainability 127\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-59083-2_5 (2024).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-59083-2_5"},{"key":"19925_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1039\/c9gc02835h","volume":"22","author":"S Iravani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iravani, S. & Varma, R. S. Greener synthesis of lignin nanoparticles and their applications. Green. Chem. 22, 612\u2013636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c9gc02835h (2020).","journal-title":"Green. Chem."},{"key":"19925_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5834","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC10","volume":"10","author":"A El-Shanshoury","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Shanshoury, A., Darwesh, O., Sabae, S. Z., Awadallah, O. & Hassan, S. Bio-manufacturing of selenium nanoparticles by Bacillus subtilis isolated from Qarun lake and evaluation their activity for water remediation. Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem. 10, 5834\u20135842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33263\/BRIAC10 (2020).","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"19925_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2013.6551","volume":"8","author":"SE Elsilk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elsilk, S. E., El-Shanshoury, A. R. & Ateya, P. S. Accumulation of some heavy metals by metal resistant avirulent Bacillus anthracis PS2010 isolated from Egypt. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 8, 1266\u20131276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5897\/AJMR2013.6551 (2014).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"19925_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1080\/01490451.2015.1010754","volume":"32","author":"AE Abo-Amer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abo-Amer, A. E., El-Shanshoury, A. R. & Alzahrani, O. M. Isolation and molecular characterization of heavy metal-resistant Alcaligenes faecalis from sewage wastewater and synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Geomicrobiol. J. 32, 836\u2013845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01490451.2015.1010754 (2015).","journal-title":"Geomicrobol J."},{"key":"19925_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.14233\/ajchem.2019.22022","volume":"31","author":"L Bhardwaj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bhardwaj, L. & Jindal, T. Contamination of lakes in Broknes peninsula, East Antarctica through the pesticides and PAHs. Asian J. Chem. 31, 1574\u20131580 (2019).","journal-title":"Asian J. Chem."},{"key":"19925_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705673","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.705673","volume":"12","author":"MA Khalil","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khalil, M. A. et al. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by marine actinobacterium Nocardiopsis dassonvillei and exploring their therapeutic potentials. Front. Microbiol. 12, 705673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.705673 (2022).","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"19925_CR16","unstructured":"Abd-Elsalam, K. A. Fungal Cell Factories for Sustainable Nanomaterials Productions and Agricultural Applications (Elsevier, 2022)."},{"key":"19925_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8091085","volume":"8","author":"R Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar, R. et al. In vitro bioadsorption of Cd2+ ions: adsorption isotherms, mechanism, and an insight to mycoremediation. Processes 8, 1085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr8091085 (2020).","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"19925_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070905","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1070905","volume":"10","author":"A Vaksmaa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vaksmaa, A. et al. Role of fungi in bioremediation of emerging pollutants. Front. Mar. Sci. 10, 1070905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2023.1070905 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"19925_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jain, A. S., Pawar, P. S., Sarkar, A., Junnuthula, V. & Dyawanapelly, S. Bionanofactories for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: toward antimicrobial applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22 (21), 11993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111993 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111993"},{"key":"19925_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rath, P., Bhardwaj, L. K., Yadav, P. & Bhardwaj, A. K. A synthesis of biogenic nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment of wastewater and its application: A review. In Biogenic Wastes-Enabled Nanomaterial Synthesis (eds Bhardwaj, A. K. et al.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-59083-2_5 (Springer, 2024).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-59083-2_5"},{"key":"19925_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/environments9100123","volume":"9","author":"S Ethaib","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ethaib, S., Al-Qutaifia, S., Al-Ansari, N. & Zubaidi, S. L. Function of nanomaterials in removing heavy metals for water and wastewater remediation: A review. Environments 9, 123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/environments9100123 (2022).","journal-title":"Environments"},{"key":"19925_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.153820","volume":"823","author":"GK Inwati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Inwati, G. K., Kumar, P., Roos, W., Swart, H. & Singh, M. UV-irradiation effects on tuning LSPR of cu\/ag nanoclusters in ion exchanged glass matrix and its thermodynamic behaviour. J. Alloys Compd. 823, 153820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.153820 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"19925_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-023-05416-6","volume":"5","author":"TP Mabate","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mabate, T. P., Maqunga, N. P., Ntshibongo, S., Maumela, M. & Bingwa, N. Metal oxides and their roles in heterogeneous catalysis: special emphasis on synthesis protocols, intrinsic properties, and their influence in transfer hydrogenation reactions. SN Appl. Sci. 5, 196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42452-023-05416-6 (2023).","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"19925_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2021.101280","volume":"25","author":"TA Aragaw","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aragaw, T. A., Bogale, F. M. & Aragaw, B. A. Iron-based nanoparticles in wastewater treatment: A review on synthesis methods, applications, and removal mechanisms. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 25, 101280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jscs.2021.101280 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"19925_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2020.128372","volume":"1217","author":"S Sadhasivam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sadhasivam, S., Vinayagam, V. & Balasubramaniyan, M. Recent advancement in biogenic synthesis of iron nanoparticles. J. Mol. Struct. 1217, 128372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molstruc.2020.128372 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"19925_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01374-4","volume":"11","author":"F Batool","year":"2021","unstructured":"Batool, F. et al. Biologically synthesized iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) from Phoenix dactylifera have anti-bacterial activities. Sci. Rep. 11, 22132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-01374-4 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"19925_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst13030472","volume":"13","author":"S Rajendran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rajendran, S. et al. Nanostructured iron oxides: structural, optical, magnetic, and adsorption characteristics for cleaning industrial effluents. Crystals 13, 472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cryst13030472 (2023).","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"issue":"11","key":"19925_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31352","volume":"10","author":"RM Sharif","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharif, R. M., Jalil, P. J., Piro, N., Mohammed, A. S. & Aspoukeh, P. K. Myco-generated and analysis of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles using Aspergillus elegans extract: A comparative evaluation with a traditional chemical approach. Heliyon 10 (11), e31352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31352 (2024).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"19925_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.3390\/app14041623","volume":"14","author":"GF Stiufiuc","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stiufiuc, G. F., Stiufiuc, R. I. & Magnetic Nanoparticles Synthesis, characterization, and their use in biomedical field. Appl. Sci. 14, 1623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14041623 (2024).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"19925_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102536","volume":"17","author":"MR Rami","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rami, M. R., Meskini, M. & Sharafabad, B. E. Fungal-mediated nanoparticles for industrial applications: synthesis and mechanism of action. J. Infect. Public. Health. 17, 102536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102536 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public. Health"},{"key":"19925_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549713","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2025.1549713","volume":"7","author":"AK Sidhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sidhu, A. K., Agrawal, S. B., Verma, N., Kaushal, P. & Sharma, M. Fungal-mediated synthesis of multimetallic nanoparticles: mechanisms, unique properties, and potential applications. Front. Nanotechnol. 7, 1549713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnano.2025.1549713 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Nanotechnol"},{"key":"19925_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801620","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2021.801620","volume":"3","author":"AK Sidhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sidhu, A. K., Verma, N. & Kaushal, P. Role of biogenic capping agents in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and evaluation of their therapeutic potential. Front. Nanotechnol. 3, 801620 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Nanotechnol"},{"key":"19925_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549713","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2025.1549713","volume":"7","author":"AK Sidhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sidhu, A. K., Agrawal, S. B., Verma, N., Kaushal, P. & Sharma, M. Fungal-mediated synthesis of multimetallic nanoparticles: mechanisms, unique properties, and potential applications. Front. Nanotechnol. 7, 1549713 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Nanotechnol"},{"key":"19925_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061380","volume":"11","author":"AH Hashem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hashem, A. H., Al-Askar, A. A., Haponiuk, J., Abd-Elsalam, K. A. & Hasanin, M. S. Biosynthesis, characterization, and antifungal activity of novel trimetallic copper oxide\u2013selenium\u2013zinc oxide nanoparticles against some mucorales fungi. Microorganisms 11, 1380 (2023).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"19925_CR35","unstructured":"Association, A. P. H. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, vol. 6 (American Public Health Association, 1926)."},{"key":"19925_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1139\/m68-022","volume":"14","author":"W Walbeek","year":"1968","unstructured":"Walbeek, W., Scott, P. & Thatcher, F. Mycotoxins from food-borne fungi. Can. J. Microbiol. 14, 131\u2013137 (1968).","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"19925_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13776","volume":"125","author":"B Omran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omran, B. et al. Characterization and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles mycosynthesized by Aspergillus Brasiliensis. J. Appl. Microbiol. 125, 370\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jam.13776 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"19925_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2014.14286","volume":"14","author":"Y Mohamed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mohamed, Y., Azzam, A., Amin, B. & Safwat, N. Mycosynthesis of iron nanoparticles by Alternaria alternata and its antibacterial activity. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 14, 1234\u20131241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5897\/AJB2014.14286 (2015).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"19925_CR39","unstructured":"Barnett, H. L. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi (Burgess Publishing Company, 1960)."},{"key":"19925_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh, T. J., Hayden, R. T. & Larone, D. H. Larone\u2019s Medically Important Fungi: A Guide to Identification (Wiley, 2018).","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555819880"},{"key":"19925_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","volume":"22","author":"JD Thompson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. & Gibson, T. J. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 4673\u20134680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673 (1994).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"19925_CR42","first-page":"39","volume":"1","author":"H Mazumdar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mazumdar, H. & Haloi, N. A study on biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles by Pleurotus Sp. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Res. 1, 39\u201349. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/261232685. (2011).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Res."},{"key":"19925_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.135472","volume":"332","author":"X Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi, X., Qing, W., Marhaba, T. & Zhang, W. Atomic force microscopy-Scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFM-SECM) for nanoscale topographical and electrochemical characterization: principles, applications and perspectives. Electrochim. Acta. 332, 135472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.135472 (2020).","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"19925_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104693","volume":"9","author":"A Fouda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fouda, A., Hassan, S. E. D., Saied, E. & Azab, M. S. An eco-friendly approach to textile and tannery wastewater treatment using maghemite nanoparticles (\u03b3-Fe2O3-NPs) fabricated by Penicillium expansum strain (Kw). J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9, 104693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104693 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"19925_CR45","unstructured":"Cullity, B. D. Elements of X-ray Diffraction 177\u2013214 (Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1978)."},{"key":"19925_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1080\/03602559.2013.820754","volume":"52","author":"MS Abdel-Aziz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abdel-Aziz, M. S. & Hezma, A. M. Spectroscopic and antibacterial evaluation of nano-hydroxapatite polyvinyl alcohol biocomposite doped with microbial-synthesized nanogold for biomedical applications. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 52, 1503\u20131509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03602559.2013.820754 (2013).","journal-title":"Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"19925_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16694","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-23360-7","volume":"30","author":"OM Darwesh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Darwesh, O. M., Li, H. & Matter, I. A. Nano-bioremediation of textile industry wastewater using immobilized CuO-NPs myco-synthesized by a novel Cu-resistant Fusarium oxysporum OSF18. Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. 30, 16694\u201316706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-022-23360-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut Res."},{"key":"19925_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2307\/2332195","volume":"33","author":"RL Plackett","year":"1946","unstructured":"Plackett, R. L. & Burman, J. P. The design of optimum multifactorial experiments. Biometrika 33, 305\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2332195 (1946).","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"19925_CR49","first-page":"167","volume":"47","author":"AQ Al-Sarrani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Sarrani, A. Q. & El-Naggar, M. Y. Application of Plackett-Burman factorial design to improve citrinin production in Monascus ruber batch cultures. Bot. Stud. 47, 167\u2013174 (2006).","journal-title":"Bot. Stud."},{"key":"19925_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.05.031","volume":"42","author":"AS Guzun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guzun, A. S. et al. Plackett\u2013Burman experimental design for bacterial cellulose\u2013silica composites synthesis. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 42, 280\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2014.05.031 (2014).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"19925_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-015-1765-z","volume":"40","author":"SS Patil","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patil, S. S. & Jena, H. M. Statistical optimization of phenol degradation by Bacillus pumilus OS1 using plackett\u2013burman design and response surface methodology. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 40, 2141\u20132151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13369-015-1765-z (2015).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"19925_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1960.10489912","volume":"2","author":"GE Box","year":"1960","unstructured":"Box, G. E. & Behnken, D. W. Some new three level designs for the study of quantitative variables. Technometrics 2, 455\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00401706.1960.10489912 (1960).","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"19925_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2014.11.026","volume":"49","author":"MS Samuel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Samuel, M. S. & Chidambaram, R. Hexavalent chromium biosorption studies using penicillium griseofulvum MSR1 a novel isolate from tannery effluent site: Box\u2013Behnken optimization, equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic studies. J. Taiwan. Inst. Chem. 49, 156\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtice.2014.11.026 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Taiwan. Inst. Chem."},{"key":"19925_CR54","first-page":"457","volume":"3","author":"N Powar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Powar, N., Patel, V., Pagare, P. & Pandav, R. Cu nanoparticle: synthesis, characterization and application. Chem. Methodol. 3, 457\u2013480. http:\/\/www.chemmethod.com\/article_82190.html (2019).","journal-title":"Chem. Methodol."},{"key":"19925_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068445e","volume":"108","author":"S Laurent","year":"2008","unstructured":"Laurent, S. et al. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications. Chem. Rev. 108, 2064\u20132110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/cr068445e (2008).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"19925_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-011-0582-9","volume":"17","author":"PA Sundaram","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sundaram, P. A., Augustine, R. & Kannan, M. Extracellular biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by Bacillus subtilis strains isolated from rhizosphere soil. Biotechnol. Bioprocess. Eng. 17, 835\u2013840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12257-011-0582-9 (2012).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioprocess. Eng."},{"key":"19925_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117079","volume":"163","author":"D Capelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Capelli, D., Scognamiglio, V. & Montanari, R. Surface plasmon resonance technology: recent advances, applications and experimental cases. Trends Analyt Chem. 163, 117079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117079 (2023).","journal-title":"Trends Analyt Chem."},{"key":"19925_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9080397","volume":"9","author":"E Saied","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saied, E. et al. Mycosynthesis of hematite (\u03b1-Fe2O3) nanoparticles using Aspergillus Niger and their antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities. Bioengineering 9, 397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering9080397 (2022).","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"19925_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1039\/c2gc16676c","volume":"14","author":"SK Das","year":"2012","unstructured":"Das, S. K., Dickinson, C., Lafir, F., Brougham, D. F. & Marsili, E. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles biosynthesized with Rhizopus oryzae protein extract. Green. Chem. 14, 1322\u20131334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c2gc16676c (2012).","journal-title":"Green. Chem."},{"key":"19925_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakshi, M., Mahanty, S. & Chaudhuri, P. Handbook of Metal-Microbe Interactions and Bioremediation 423\u2013434 (CRC Press, 2017).","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315153353-29"},{"key":"19925_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-7-247","volume":"7","author":"JJ Rautio","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rautio, J. J., Smit, B. A., Wiebe, M., Penttil\u00e4, M. & Saloheimo, M. Transcriptional monitoring of steady state and effects of anaerobic phases in Chemostat cultures of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma Reesei. BMC Genom. 7, 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2164-7-247 (2006).","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"19925_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-020-00074-8","volume":"9","author":"S Nayaka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nayaka, S. et al. Biosynthesis, characterization, and in vitro assessment on cytotoxicity of actinomycete-synthesized silver nanoparticles on Allium Cepa root tip cells. Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. 9, 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43088-020-00074-8 (2020).","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"19925_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2021.101695","volume":"34","author":"D Siva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siva, D. et al. Enhanced cellulase enzyme production by Aspergillus Niger using cellulase\/iron oxide magnetic nanocomposites. J. King Saud Univ-Sci. 34, 101695 (2022).","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ-Sci"},{"key":"19925_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.21608\/ejbo.2022.157735.2111","volume":"63","author":"MA Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali, M. A. & Alkhafaji, M. H. Antibiofilm activity of biosynthesized Enterococcus-Iron oxide nanoparticles against uropathogenic bacteria. Egypt. J. Bot. 63, 1201\u20131214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/ejbo.2022.157735.2111 (2023).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Bot."},{"key":"19925_CR65","first-page":"32","volume":"27","author":"AK Mandal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mandal, A. K. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as delivery system against diseases. Methods 27, 32 (2018).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"19925_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11070561","volume":"11","author":"LA Minhas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Minhas, L. A. et al. Biogenic fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles from leptolyngbya sp. L-2 and multiple in vitro Pharmacogenetic properties. Toxics 11, 561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics11070561 (2023).","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"19925_CR67","unstructured":"Carter, N. Physical properties of iron oxide nanoparticles. Honors College 210. https:\/\/digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu\/honors\/210 (2015)."},{"key":"19925_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caf, F. Biogenic synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticle using Padina Pavonica extract: application for photocatalytic degradation of congo red dye, neurotoxicity and antioxidant activity. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4194\/TRJFAS21398 (2022).","DOI":"10.4194\/TRJFAS21398"},{"key":"19925_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rabani, G. et al. Extracellular synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using an extract of Bacillus circulans: characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity. J. Chem. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/4659034 (2023).","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4659034"},{"key":"19925_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-707620160003.0072","volume":"21","author":"RN Oliveira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oliveira, R. N. et al. FTIR analysis and quantification of phenols and flavonoids of five commercially available plants extracts used in wound healing. Mat\u00e9ria (Rio J). 21, 767\u2013779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1517-707620160003.0072 (2016).","journal-title":"Mat\u00e9ria (Rio J)"},{"key":"19925_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines5030093","volume":"5","author":"D Tungmunnithum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tungmunnithum, D., Thongboonyou, A., Pholboon, A. & Yangsabai, A. Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: an overview. Medicines 5, 93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicines5030093 (2018).","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"key":"19925_CR72","first-page":"10815","volume":"12","author":"J Coates","year":"2000","unstructured":"Coates, J. Interpretation of infrared spectra, a practical approach. Encycl Analyt Chem. 12, 10815\u201310837 (2000).","journal-title":"Encycl Analyt Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"19925_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/mining4010004","volume":"4","author":"A Middea","year":"2024","unstructured":"Middea, A. et al. Removal of Fe3\u2009+\u2009Ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption on natural Eco-Friendly Brazilian palygorskites. Mining 4 (1), 37\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mining4010004 (2024).","journal-title":"Mining"},{"key":"19925_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012037","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/805\/1\/012037","volume":"805","author":"T Adeleye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adeleye, T., Kareem, S. & Kekere-Ekun, A. Optimization studies on biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles using Rhizopus stolonifer. IOP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng. 805, 012037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1757-899X\/805\/1\/012037 (2020).","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"19925_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133201","volume":"292","author":"R Noor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noor, R. et al. Comparative analysis of iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized from ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Cumin seeds (Cuminum cyminum) to induce resistance in wheat against drought stress. Chemosphere 292, 133201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133201 (2022).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"19925_CR76","unstructured":"Telleria, J. & Tibayrenc, M. American Trypanosomiasis Chagas Disease: One Hundred Years of Research (eds Telleria, J. & Michel Tibayrenc M.), 2 edn. (Academic Press, 2017)."},{"key":"19925_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.21608\/ajps.2020.118382","volume":"62","author":"N Sidkey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sidkey, N. Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by fungi. Az. J. Pharm. Sci. 62, 164\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/ajps.2020.118382 (2020).","journal-title":"Az. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"19925_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alangari, A. et al. Iron oxide nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization, and assessment of antimicrobial and anticancer activity. Adsorp. Sci. Technol. 2022, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/9840478 (2022).","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9840478"},{"key":"19925_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9942","DOI":"10.3390\/app13179942","volume":"13","author":"MT Yassin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yassin, M. T., Al-Otibi, F. O., Al-Askar, A. A. & Alharbi, R. I. Green synthesis, characterization, and antifungal efficiency of biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles. Appl. Sci. 13, 9942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13179942 (2023).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"19925_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.21608\/ejchem.2021.60921.3307","volume":"64","author":"O Darwesh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Darwesh, O., Shalapy, M., Abo-Zeid, A. & Mahmoud, Y. Nano-bioremediation of municipal wastewater using myco-synthesized iron nanoparticles. Egypt. J. Chem. 64, 2499\u20132507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/ejchem.2021.60921.3307 (2021).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"key":"19925_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13897","DOI":"10.1039\/D0DT02802A","volume":"49","author":"J Mart\u00ed-Rujas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mart\u00ed-Rujas, J. Structural Elucidation of microcrystalline MOFs from powder X-ray diffraction. Dalton Trans. 49, 13897\u201313916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D0DT02802A (2020).","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"19925_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3390\/min12020205","volume":"12","author":"A Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali, A., Chiang, Y. W. & Santos, R. M. X-ray diffraction techniques for mineral characterization: A review for engineers of the fundamentals, applications, and research directions. Minerals 12, 205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min12020205 (2022).","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"19925_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1021\/la103190n","volume":"27","author":"EC Njagi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Njagi, E. C. et al. Biosynthesis of iron and silver nanoparticles at room temperature using aqueous sorghum Bran extracts. Langmuir 27, 264\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/la103190n (2011).","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"19925_CR84","first-page":"143","volume":"10","author":"GB Sheik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheik, G. B., Abdel, R., Alzeyadi, Z. A. & AlGhonaim, M. I. Application of Plackett-Burman design for optimization of silver nanoparticles produced by streptomyces sp. DW102. Int. J. Adv. Biotechnol. Res. 10, 143\u2013151 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Biotechnol. Res."},{"key":"19925_CR85","first-page":"80","volume":"2","author":"R Strobel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Strobel, R. & Sullivan, G. Experimental design for improvement of fermentations. Man. Industrial Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2, 80\u201393 (1999).","journal-title":"Man. Industrial Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"19925_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2015.02.022","volume":"100","author":"H Jabeen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jabeen, H., Iqbal, S., Anwar, S. & Parales, R. E. Optimization of profenofos degradation by a novel bacterial consortium PBAC using response surface methodology. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 100, 89\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ibiod.2015.02.022 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad"},{"key":"19925_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.21608\/ejchem.2019.5527.1488","volume":"62","author":"AESA Swelam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Swelam, A. E. S. A., Awad, M. B. E. D. & Bedair, A. T. Fe3O4 nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and application in removal of iron from aqueous solution and groundwater. Egypt. J. Chem. 62, 789\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/ejchem.2019.5527.1488 (2019).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"key":"19925_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51587-6","volume":"14","author":"SMI Mohamed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohamed, S. M. I., Y\u0131lmaz, M., G\u00fcner, E. K. & El Nemr, A. Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide-commercial activated carbon nanocomposite for removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) ions and mordant violet 40 (MV40) dye. Sci. Rep. 14, 1241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-51587-6 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"19925_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128687","volume":"319","author":"J Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan, J. et al. Removal of copper ions from wastewater via adsorption on modified hematite (\u03b1-Fe2O3) iron oxide coated sand. J. Clean. Prod. 319, 128687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128687 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"19925_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.20.7.8256","volume":"71","author":"E Vasile","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vasile, E., Covaliu, C. I., Stoian, O., Paraschiv, G. & Ciric, A. Manganese ions removal from industrial wastewater. Rev. Chim. 71, 391\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37358\/RC.20.7.8256 (2020).","journal-title":"Rev. Chim."},{"key":"19925_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2022.103645","volume":"33","author":"K Velsankar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Velsankar, K., Parvathy, G., Sankaranarayanan, K., Mohandoss, S. & Sudhahar, S. Green synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles using Panicum miliaceum grains extract for biological applications. Adv. Powder Technol. 33, 103645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apt.2022.103645 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"19925_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2024.105908","volume":"66","author":"R Juturu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Juturu, R., Selvaraj, R. & Murty, V. R. Efficient removal of hexavalent chromium from wastewater using a novel magnetic Biochar composite adsorbent. J. Water Process. Eng. 66, 105908 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Water Process. Eng."},{"key":"19925_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68491-8","volume":"14","author":"A Shahzad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shahzad, A. et al. Magnetic nanocomposite for lead (II) removal from water. Sci. Rep. 14, 17674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-68491-8 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"19925_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Loh, N. Y. L., Tee, W. T., Hiew, B. Y. Z., Hanson, S. & Lee, L. Y. Nanomaterials for wastewater remediation: synthesis, characterization and applications. In Nanomaterials in Wastewater Research. Advances in Wastewater Research (eds Agarwal, N. et al.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-96-3908-3_1 (Springer, 2025).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-3908-3_1"},{"key":"19925_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baby, R., Hussein, M. Z., Abdullah, A. H. & Zainal, Z. Nanomaterials for the treatment of heavy metal contaminated water. Polymers 14 (3), 583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14030583 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14030583"},{"issue":"33","key":"19925_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20684","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c01905","volume":"5","author":"M Seyedehmaryam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seyedehmaryam, M., Chin Wei, L., Sinyee, G., Golnoush, Z. & Omid, A. P. Application of efficient magnetic particles and activated carbon for dye removal from wastewater. Am. Chem. Soc. 5 (33), 20684\u201320697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c01905 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"19925_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2024.101388","volume":"7","author":"BE Keshta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Keshta, B. E. et al. State of the Art on the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, functionalization, and applications in wastewater treatment. Results Chem. 7, 101388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rechem.2024.101388 (2024).","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"issue":"21","key":"19925_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6100","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NA00487E","volume":"3","author":"M Sanna Angotzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sanna Angotzi, M. et al. Meso- and macroporous silica-based arsenic adsorbents: effect of pore size, nature of the active phase, and silicon release. Nanoscale Adv. 3 (21), 6100\u20136113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1NA00487E (2021).","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-19925-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-19925-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-19925-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T19:40:39Z","timestamp":1759866039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-19925-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["19925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-19925-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"35008"}}