{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:31:04Z","timestamp":1793662264254,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nanjing TCM Youth Talent Development Program","award":["No. ZYQ20005, ZYQ20018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZYQ20005, ZYQ20018"]}]},{"name":"Nanjing TCM Youth Talent Development Program","award":["No. ZYQ20005, ZYQ20018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZYQ20005, ZYQ20018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-20068-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T11:16:32Z","timestamp":1760526992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cerium oxide-embedded gold nanoparticles loaded with astragaloside IV for bladder cancer therapy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuelai","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanchao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangze","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"20068_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2020.0011","volume":"18","author":"TW Flaig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Flaig, T. W. et al. Bladder cancer. Version 3.2020. J. Natl. Comper Can. Net. 18 (3), 329\u2013354 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Natl. Comper Can. Net"},{"key":"20068_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gotlib, J. et al. NCCN Guidelines\u00ae Insights: Systemic Mastocytosis, Version 3.2024. J. Natl. Compr. Can. Net. 22 (2D). (2024).","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2024.0030"},{"key":"20068_CR3","unstructured":"Facchini, G., Romis, C. C. L., Lei, K. F. & Han, F. Advanced\/metastatic bladder cancer: current status and future directions. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmaco Sci. 24, 11536\u201311552 (2020)."},{"issue":"4","key":"20068_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2024.0024","volume":"22","author":"TW Flaig","year":"2024","unstructured":"Flaig, T. W. et al. Bladder cancer, version 3.2024 featured updates to the NCCN guidelines. J. Natl. Compr. Can. Net. 22 (4), 216\u2013225 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Can. Net"},{"issue":"16","key":"20068_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3742","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32997","volume":"126","author":"AP Desai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Desai, A. P. et al. Financial conflicts of interest among National comprehensive cancer network clinical practice guideline panelists in 2019. Cancer 126 (16), 3742\u20133749 (2020).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"20068_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2008.04.051","volume":"54","author":"M Babjuk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Babjuk, M. et al. EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur. Urol. 54 (2), 303\u2013314 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"20068_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobruch, J. & Oszczudlowski, M. Bladder cancer: current challenges and future directions. Med-Lith 57 (8), 749\u2013758 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57080749"},{"key":"20068_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karjol, U., Jonnada, P., Cherukuru, S. & Chandranath, A. Bladder metastasis from breast cancer: A systematic review. Cur J. Med. Sci 12 (3), e7408 (2020).","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.7408"},{"issue":"3","key":"20068_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3233\/BLC-160056","volume":"2","author":"L Douglass","year":"2016","unstructured":"Douglass, L. & Schoenberg, M. The future of intravesical drug delivery forNon-Muscle invasive bladder cancer. Bladder Cancer (Amsterdam Netherlands). 2 (3), 285\u2013292 (2016).","journal-title":"Bladder Cancer (Amsterdam Netherlands)"},{"issue":"15","key":"20068_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-4574","volume":"27","author":"L Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Myeloid Cell-associated resistance to PD-1\/PD-L1 Blockade in urothelial cancer revealed through bulk and Single-cell RNA sequencing. Clin. Can. Res. : Official J. Am. Association Cancer Res. 27 (15), 4287\u20134300 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Can. Res. : Official J. Am. Association Cancer Res."},{"key":"20068_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gill, E. & Perks, C. M. Mini-Review: current bladder cancer Treatment-The need for improvement. Int J. Mol. Sci 25 (3), 1557\u201369 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031557"},{"key":"20068_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10071403","volume":"10","author":"B Begines","year":"2020","unstructured":"Begines, B. et al. Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery: recent developments and future prospects. Nanomaterials 10, 7 (2020).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"20068_CR13","unstructured":"Ashrafizadeh, M. et al. Nanoplatforms in bladder cancer therapy: challenges and opportunities. Bio Transl Med 8 (1), e10353 (2023)."},{"issue":"11","key":"20068_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2020.1810016","volume":"17","author":"HY Yoon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoon, H. Y. et al. Current status of the development of intravesical drug-delivery systems for the treatment of bladder cancer. Exp. Opin. Dru Del. 17 (11), 1555\u20131572 (2020).","journal-title":"Exp. Opin. Dru Del."},{"issue":"2","key":"20068_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.08.031","volume":"148","author":"S GuhaSarkar","year":"2010","unstructured":"GuhaSarkar, S. & Banerjee, R. Intravesical drug delivery: challenges, current status, opportunities and novel strategies. J. Control Rel. 148 (2), 147\u2013159 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Control Rel"},{"issue":"38","key":"20068_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21529","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b06799","volume":"7","author":"YQ Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang, Y. Q. et al. Cationic conjugated Polymer\/Hyaluronan-Doxorubicin complex for sensitive fluorescence detection of hyaluronidase and Tumor-Targeting drug delivery and imaging. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 7 (38), 21529\u201321537 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Inter"},{"key":"20068_CR17","first-page":"271","volume":"41","author":"X Bai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bai, X. et al. An NIR-propelled Janus nanomotor with enhanced ROS-scavenging, Immunomodulating and biofilm-eradicating capacity for periodontitis treatment. Bio Mater. 41, 271\u2013292 (2024).","journal-title":"Bio Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"20068_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3662","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c17861","volume":"14","author":"K Ge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ge, K. et al. Gold nanorods with Spatial separation of CeO2 deposition for Plasmonic-Enhanced antioxidant stress and photothermal therapy of alzheimer\u2019s disease. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 14 (3), 3662\u20133674 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Inter"},{"key":"20068_CR19","first-page":"21","volume":"13","author":"B Babu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Babu, B. et al. Inorganic nanoparticles as radiosensitizers for cancer treatment. Nanomaterils 13, 21 (2023).","journal-title":"Nanomaterils"},{"key":"20068_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D. et al. Design of 3D Oxide-Metal hybrid metamaterial for tailorable Light-Matter interactions in visible and Near-Infrared region. Adv Optl Mater 9 (1), 1\u201311 (2021).","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202001154"},{"key":"20068_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5601","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S398512","volume":"17","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zhang, W. & Huang, Y. The therapeutic effect of Methotrexate-Conjugated Pluronic-Based polymeric micelles on the folate Receptor-Rich tumors treatment (Retraction of 10, Pg 4043, 2015). Inter J. Nanomed. 17, 5601\u20135601 (2022).","journal-title":"Inter J. Nanomed."},{"key":"20068_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, M., Zhang, L. J., Wang, L. & Astragaloside, I. V. A promising natural neuroprotective agent for neurological disorders. Bio Pharma 159, 114229 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114229"},{"key":"20068_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, C. et al. A tumor targeted nano micelle carrying Astragaloside IV for combination treatment of bladder cancer. Sci Rep 14 (1), 17704  (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66010-3"},{"key":"20068_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Investigating the Hybrid-Structure-Effect of CeO2-Encapsulated Au nanostructures on the transfer coupling of nitrobenzene. Advan Mater 30 (7), 1704416 (2018).","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201704416"},{"key":"20068_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, C. C. & Park, A. Y. Jun-Lin Guan. In vitro scratch assay: a convenient and inexpensive method for analysis of cell migration in vitro. Nat. Protoc.  2, 329\u2009\u20133 (2007).","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.30"},{"issue":"35","key":"20068_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20632","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b03634","volume":"119","author":"JL Axson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Axson, J. L. et al. Rapid kinetics of size and pH-Dependent dissolution and aggregation of silver nanoparticles in simulated gastric fluid. J. Physi Chem. C. 119 (35), 20632\u201320641 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Physi Chem. C"},{"issue":"20","key":"20068_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11954","DOI":"10.1021\/es5023202","volume":"48","author":"TS Peretyazhko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peretyazhko, T. S., Zhang, Q. & Colvin, V. L. Size-Controlled dissolution of silver nanoparticles at neutral and acidic pH conditions: kinetics and size changes. Environ. Sci. Tech. 48 (20), 11954\u201311961 (2014).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Tech."},{"issue":"40","key":"20068_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53460","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c10562","volume":"16","author":"C Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui, C. et al. Functional Ginger-Derived extracellular Vesicles-Coated ZIF-8 containing TNF-\u03b1 SiRNA for ulcerative colitis therapy by modulating gut microbiota. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 16 (40), 53460\u201353473 (2024).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Inter"},{"key":"20068_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.08.054","volume":"81","author":"E Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi, E., Lim, D. K. & Kim, S. Calcium-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a lysosomolytic nanocarrier for amine-free loading and cytosolic delivery of SiRNA. J. Ind. Engin Chem. 81, 71\u201380 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Ind. Engin Chem."},{"issue":"23","key":"20068_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200900621","volume":"5","author":"AM Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen, A. M. et al. Co-delivery of doxorubicin and Bcl-2 SiRNA by mesoporous silica nanoparticles enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy in Multidrug-Resistant cancer cells. Small 5 (23), 2673\u20132677 (2009).","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"4","key":"20068_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3796","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b01010","volume":"12","author":"D Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, D. et al. Synthesis of Self-Assembled porphyrin nanoparticle photosensitizers. ACS Nano. 12 (4), 3796\u20133803 (2018).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"6","key":"20068_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b00493","volume":"15","author":"S Sucharitakul","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sucharitakul, S. et al. Intrinsic electron mobility exceeding in multilayer InSe fets. NANO Lett. 15 (6), 3815\u20133819 (2015).","journal-title":"NANO Lett."},{"key":"20068_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J. The Cell-Cycle arrest and apoptotic functions of p53 in tumor initiation and progression. CSH Perspe Med 6 (3), a026104 (2016).","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a026104"},{"key":"20068_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. O-GlcNAcylation of MITF regulates its activity and CDK4\/6 inhibitor resistance in breast cancer. Nat Commun 15 (1), 5597 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49875-w"},{"key":"20068_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R. et al. Pyridinic Nitrogen Sites Dominated Coordinative Engineering of Subnanometric Pd Clusters for Efficient Alkynes\u2019 Semihydrogenation. Adv Mater 35 (11), e2209635 (2023).","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202209635"},{"issue":"13","key":"20068_CR36","first-page":"1","volume":"47","author":"TIANQI cHEN","year":"2021","unstructured":"cHEN, T. I. A. N. Q. I. & a., P. Y. Molecular mechanisms of astragaloside\u2013IV in cancer therapy. Inter J. Mol. Medic. 47 (13), 1\u201313 (2021).","journal-title":"Inter J. Mol. Medic"},{"key":"20068_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noor, K. K. et al. Hepatoprotective role of vitexin against cadmium-induced liver damage in male rats: A biochemical, inflammatory, apoptotic and histopathological investigation. Bio. Pharma. 150. (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112934"},{"key":"20068_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114449","volume":"188","author":"Y Zi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zi, Y. et al. Strategies to enhance drug delivery to solid tumors by Harnessing the EPR effects and alternative targeting mechanisms. Adv. Drug Deliv Rev. 188, 114449 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv Rev."},{"key":"20068_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114614","volume":"191","author":"R Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, R. et al. The tumor EPR effect for cancer drug delivery: current status, limitations, and alternatives. Adv. Drug Deliv Rev. 191, 114614 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"20068_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2010.03.003","volume":"144","author":"JJ Monsuez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Monsuez, J. J., Charniot, J. C., Vignat, N. & Artigou, J. Y. Cardiac side-effects of cancer chemotherapy. Inter J. Cardio. 144 (1), 3\u201315 (2010).","journal-title":"Inter J. Cardio"},{"key":"20068_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207753","volume":"21","author":"JSK Stankovic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stankovic, J. S. K., Selakovic, D., Mihailovic, V. & Rosic, G. Antioxidant supplementation in the treatment of neurotoxicity induced by Platinum-Based Chemotherapeutics\u2014A review. Inter J. Mol. Sci. 21, 20 (2020).","journal-title":"Inter J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"20068_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. Tanshinone IIA and astragaloside\u00ef IV promote the angiogenesis of mesenchymal stem cell-derived endothelial cell-like cells via upregulation of Cx37, Cx40 and Cx43. Exp Thera Med.15, 1847\u20131854 (2017).","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.5636"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-20068-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-20068-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-20068-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T11:16:39Z","timestamp":1760526999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-20068-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["20068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-20068-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"36067"}}