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The formation and properties of the AgCl-NPs were confirmed using various characterization techniques: UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy showed a characteristic absorption peak at 430\u00a0nm, indicating nanoparticle formation; X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a crystallite size of approximately 24\u00a0nm; transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed predominantly spherical nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 20 to 50\u00a0nm; and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified functional groups from the plant extract involved in nanoparticle stabilization. The MIC values were 62.5\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for (<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> S. faecalis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> E. aerogenes)<\/jats:italic>, 250\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for (<jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> R. ornithinolytica)<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> and<\/jats:italic> 125\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa. The<\/jats:italic> MBC values were 500\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for (<jats:italic>R. ornithinolytica<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> S. faecalis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> S. epidermidis)<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> and<\/jats:italic> 250\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for <jats:italic>(S. aureus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> E. coli<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> E. faecalis)<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> and<\/jats:italic> 125\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL for <jats:italic>E. aerogenes.<\/jats:italic> Tetracycline\u2019s synergistic actions increased antibacterial effectiveness by 21.4\u201347%. Furthermore, at a non-toxic dose (MNTC: 31.25\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL), AgCl-NPs showed strong antiviral activity against HSV-1, preventing viral multiplication by 74%. These results demonstrate the potential of AgCl-NPs produced from <jats:italic>Euphorbia sanctae-catharinae<\/jats:italic> as a sustainable substitute for fighting viral infections and antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-20170-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T20:06:40Z","timestamp":1758658000000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sustainable production of silver chloride nanoparticles from desert flora for biomedical applications with multifunctional biological activities"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bothena M.A.","family":"Eltayeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezzat H.","family":"Elshazly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesham A.","family":"Aboelmagd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabry A. 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