{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T10:01:07Z","timestamp":1781517667337,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-20436-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T15:08:04Z","timestamp":1760713684000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mature CD209+CD83+CCR7+ dendritic cells infiltrate the arterial wall in giant cell arteritis and derive from in-situ monocyte differentiation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Ramon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Greigert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baptiste","family":"Lamarth\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corentin","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Varin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudie","family":"Cladi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coraline","family":"Genet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Ciudad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mie","family":"Klopfenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Praliaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Brenac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Tarris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Arnould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Henry","family":"Gabrielle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine Creuzot","family":"Garcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ornetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Audia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Boidot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Francis","family":"Maillefert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Bonnotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"20436_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","volume":"65","author":"JC Jennette","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jennette, J. C. et al. 2012 revised international chapel hill consensus conference nomenclature of vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 65, 1\u201311 (2013).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"20436_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.05.014","volume":"16","author":"M Samson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Samson, M. et al. Recent advances in our Understanding of giant cell arteritis pathogenesis. Autoimmun. Rev. 16, 833\u2013844 (2017).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"20436_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030850","volume":"199","author":"W Ma-Krupa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ma-Krupa, W. et al. Activation of arterial wall dendritic cells and breakdown of Self-tolerance in giant cell arteritis. J. Exp. Med. 199, 173\u2013183 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"20436_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01312","volume":"10","author":"Z Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. CD83: activation marker for antigen presenting cells and its therapeutic potential. Front. Immunol. 10, 1312 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"20436_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64458-6","volume":"161","author":"WM Krupa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krupa, W. M. et al. Trapping of misdirected dendritic cells in the granulomatous lesions of giant cell arteritis. Am. J. Pathol. 161, 1815\u20131823 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"20436_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.185777","volume":"104","author":"J Deng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Deng, J. et al. Toll-like receptors 4 and 5 induce distinct types of vasculitis. Circ. Res. 104, 488\u2013495 (2009).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"20436_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102905","volume":"11","author":"H Greigert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Greigert, H., Genet, C., Ramon, A., Bonnotte, B. & Samson, M. New insights into the pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis: mechanisms involved in maintaining vascular inflammation. J. Clin. Med. 11, 2905 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"20436_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220873","volume":"81","author":"M Corbera-Bellalta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Corbera-Bellalta, M. et al. Blocking GM-CSF receptor \u03b1 with mavrilimumab reduces infiltrating cells, pro-inflammatory markers and neoangiogenesis in ex vivo cultured arteries from patients with giant cell arteritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 81, 524\u2013536 (2022).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"20436_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0465-0","volume":"17","author":"KL Hilligan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hilligan, K. L. & Ronchese, F. Antigen presentation by dendritic cells and their instruction of CD4\u2009+\u2009T helper cell responses. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 17, 587\u2013599 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"20436_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3712","volume":"14","author":"M Guilliams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guilliams, M. et al. Dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages: a unified nomenclature based on ontogeny. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14, 571\u2013578 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"20436_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlitzer, A., Zhang, W., Song, M. & Ma, X. Recent advances in understanding dendritic cell development, classification, and phenotype. F1000Res 7, F1000 Faculty Rev-1558 (2018).","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14793.1"},{"key":"20436_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12888","volume":"154","author":"M Collin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Collin, M. & Bigley, V. Human dendritic cell subsets: an update. Immunology 154, 3\u201320 (2018).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"20436_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaah4573","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4573","volume":"356","author":"AC Villani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Villani, A. C. et al. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals new types of human blood dendritic cells, monocytes, and progenitors. Science 356, eaah4573 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"20436_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","volume":"28","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kanehisa, M. & Goto, S. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 27\u201330 (2000).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"20436_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D457","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1070","volume":"44","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kanehisa, M., Sato, Y., Kawashima, M., Furumichi, M. & Tanabe, M. KEGG as a reference resource for gene and protein annotation. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, D457\u2013462 (2016).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"20436_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201575","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1201575","volume":"14","author":"RD Reitsema","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reitsema, R. D. et al. Aberrant phenotype of Circulating antigen presenting cells in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Front. Immunol. 14, 1201575 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"20436_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.4.1109","volume":"179","author":"F Sallusto","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sallusto, F. & Lanzavecchia, A. Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte\/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus Interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. J. Exp. Med. 179, 1109\u20131118 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"20436_CR18","first-page":"E970","volume":"114","author":"H Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Immunoinhibitory checkpoint deficiency in medium and large vessel vasculitis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 114, E970\u2013E979 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"20436_CR19","first-page":"588","volume":"75","author":"K Pulford","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pulford, K. et al. A monocyte\/macrophage antigen recognized by the four antibodies GHI\/61, Ber-MAC3, Ki-M8 and SM4. Immunology 75, 588\u2013595 (1992).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"20436_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/35051594","volume":"409","author":"M Kristiansen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kristiansen, M. et al. Identification of the haemoglobin scavenger receptor. Nature 409, 198\u2013201 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"20436_CR21","first-page":"506","volume":"56","author":"C Dejaco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dejaco, C., Duftner, C., Buttgereit, F., Matteson, E. L. & Dasgupta, B. The spectrum of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: revisiting the concept of the disease. Rheumatol. (Oxford). 56, 506\u2013515 (2017).","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"20436_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12607","volume":"180","author":"K Uchida","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uchida, K. et al. CD11c(+) macrophages and levels of TNF-\u03b1 and MMP-3 are increased in synovial and adipose tissues of Osteoarthritic mice with hyperlipidaemia. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 180, 551\u2013559 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"20436_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722349","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.722349","volume":"12","author":"V Marzaioli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marzaioli, V. et al. CD209\/CD14\u2009+\u2009Dendritic cells characterization in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis patients: Activation, synovial Infiltration, and therapeutic targeting. Front. Immunol. 12, 722349 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"20436_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071663","volume":"10","author":"F Coutant","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coutant, F., Pin, J. J. & Miossec, P. Extensive phenotype of human inflammatory Monocyte-Derived dendritic cells. Cells 10, 1663 (2021).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"20436_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.016","volume":"47","author":"C Goudot","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goudot, C. et al. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor controls monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells versus macrophages. Immunity 47, 582\u2013596e6 (2017).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"20436_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1164","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1164","volume":"9","author":"WF Jiemy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiemy, W. F. et al. Distinct macrophage phenotypes skewed by local granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) are associated with tissue destruction and intimal hyperplasia in giant cell arteritis. Clin. Transl Immunol. 9, e1164 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Transl Immunol."},{"key":"20436_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5468","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002923","volume":"186","author":"IK Campbell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Campbell, I. K. et al. Differentiation of inflammatory dendritic cells is mediated by NF-\u03baB1-dependent GM-CSF production in CD4 T cells. J. Immunol. 186, 5468\u20135477 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"20436_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cid, M. C. et al. Efficacy and safety of mavrilimumab in giant cell arteritis: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 221865 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221865 (2022). annrheumdis-2021.","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221865"},{"key":"20436_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01117-7","volume":"23","author":"A Amorim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amorim, A. et al. IFN\u03b3 and GM-CSF control complementary differentiation programs in the monocyte-to-phagocyte transition during neuroinflammation. Nat. Immunol. 23, 217\u2013228 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"20436_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2005.05.005","volume":"43","author":"JF Piskurich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Piskurich, J. F. et al. Expression of the MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) type IV promoter in B lymphocytes and regulation by IFN-\u03b3. Mol. Immunol. 43, 519\u2013528 (2006).","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"20436_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.872903","volume":"121","author":"J Deng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deng, J., Younge, B. R., Olshen, R. A., Goronzy, J. J. & Weyand, C. M. Th17 and Th1 T-cell responses in giant cell arteritis. Circulation 121, 906\u2013915 (2010).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"20436_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34647","volume":"64","author":"M Samson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Samson, M. et al. Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes expressing CD161 are implicated in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica pathogenesis. Arthr. Rhuem. 64, 3788\u20133798 (2012).","journal-title":"Arthritis & Rheumatism"},{"key":"20436_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-017-0004-5","volume":"1","author":"MJ Koster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koster, M. J. & Warrington, K. J. Giant cell arteritis: pathogenic mechanisms and new potential therapeutic targets. BMC Rheumatol. 1, 2 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol."},{"key":"20436_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponte, C. et al. American College of Rheumatology\/EULAR classification criteria for giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 81, 1647\u20131653 (2022). (2022).","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42325"},{"key":"20436_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200329","volume":"71","author":"B Dasgupta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dasgupta, B. et al. 2012 provisional classification criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica: a European league against Rheumatism\/American college of rheumatology collaborative initiative. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 71, 484\u2013492 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"20436_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dejaco, C. et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice: 2023 update. Ann Rheum. Dis ard-2023. 224543 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard-2023-224543 (2023).","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224543"},{"key":"20436_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-021-00742-9","volume":"34","author":"A Bergeron","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bergeron, A. et al. Triple-negative breast lobular carcinoma: a luminal androgen receptor carcinoma with specific ESRRA mutations. Mod. Pathol. 34, 1282\u20131296 (2021).","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"20436_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001078","volume":"8","author":"AN Bubak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bubak, A. N. et al. Targeted RNA sequencing of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Temporal arteries from giant cell arteritis cases reveals viral signatures. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 8, e0178 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"20436_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0114-2","volume":"37","author":"AM Newman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Newman, A. M. et al. Determining cell type abundance and expression from bulk tissues with digital cytometry. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 773\u2013782 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"20436_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.031","volume":"177","author":"T Stuart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stuart, T. et al. Comprehensive integration of Single-Cell data. Cell 177, 1888\u20131902e21 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"20436_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0276-y","volume":"20","author":"D Aran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aran, D. et al. Reference-based analysis of lung single-cell sequencing reveals a transitional profibrotic macrophage. Nat. Immunol. 20, 163\u2013172 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-20436-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-20436-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-20436-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T15:08:07Z","timestamp":1760713687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-20436-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["20436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-20436-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"AR: Novartis research grant, Novartis consulting, AbbVie consulting, Boehringer Ingelheim consulting, Chugai consulting.MS: AbbVie consulting, AstraZeneca consulting, Argenx consulting, Boehringer Ingelheim consulting, Fresenius Kabi consulting, GSK consulting, Novartis consulting and research grant, Roche\u2013Chugai consulting, CSL Vifor Pharma consulting.BB: Roche\u2013Chugai personal fees for consulting, Boehringer Ingelheim consulting.CC-G: Horus and Bayer grant, Novartis and Bayer honoraria and Novartis, Bayer, Thea, Horus, Alcon and Allergan medical advisory board.LA: Horus, Santen, Th\u00e9a and Glaukos personal fees for consulting. Zeiss research grant.The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the local ethics committee of Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital and the collection of tissues (temporal artery biopsies) was declared to the French authorities (DC-2016-2675).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}],"article-number":"36419"}}