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However, these samples may not accurately reflect the parasite population and come with logistical constraints and ethical requirements. Using blood-fed mosquitoes as a sample basis could overcome these challenges. We developed and validated DNA extraction methods and PCR assays, allowing for\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    detection from whole mosquitoes and sequencing of drug resistance genes. PCRs were consistently positive on mosquito samples mimicking field conditions, i.e., with low\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection (2000\u00d7 dilution of a single oocyst-infected mosquito) or after a blood-meal with low parasitemia (250\u00d7 dilution of 1% parasite density). Antimalarial drug resistance genes\n                    <jats:italic>PfK13<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>PfMDR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    could be sequenced from these samples, and markers of resistance could be detected in samples reflecting a mutated minority parasite population of\u2009\u2265\u200925%. Pools of 20 mosquitoes allowed for the detection of a single infected mosquito. We applied our protocol on 50 field-caught\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes from DR Congo. Five out of eight mosquito pools were\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    positive, providing good sequencing reads for\n                    <jats:italic>PfK13<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>PfMDR1.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Our presented method has the potential to facilitate surveillance, e.g., on drug resistance, leveraging the promising properties of xenomonitoring\n                    <jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-20554-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T20:06:53Z","timestamp":1758658013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Scalable and cost-effective methods for xenomonitoring of P. falciparum and antimalarial drug resistance validated with laboratory and wild-caught mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dario","family":"Anvari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janvier","family":"Bandibabone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas A.","family":"Kudom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Wieser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esto","family":"Bahizire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank P.","family":"Mockenhaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Welmoed","family":"van Loon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"20554_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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