{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T07:18:05Z","timestamp":1794640685051,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Accurate intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation is critical in cataract surgery, especially in patients with extreme axial myopia where traditional formulas often yield inaccurate results. This study retrospectively evaluated the accuracy of two AI-driven IOL formulas (Hill-RBF, Kane), the Barrett Universal II formula, and the traditional SRK\/T formula in patients with axial lengths\u2009\u2265\u200930.0\u00a0mm. Data from 80 eyes of 51 patients treated at the Institute of Science Tokyo were analyzed. Postoperative refractive errors were recalculated, and accuracy was assessed using mean error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), and median absolute error (MedAE). Statistical analyses included the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and chi-square test. The Kane and Hill-RBF formulas demonstrated significantly lower MAE (0.51 D and 0.52 D, respectively) compared to SRK\/T (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). MAE of the Barrett Universal II formula was 0.66D, which was not significantly different from SRK\/T. In eyes with axial lengths\u2009\u2265\u200932.0\u00a0mm, Kane achieved the lowest MAE and MedAE (0.44 D and 0.40 D). Both Kane and Hill-RBF showed lower refractive errors\u2009&gt;\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0 D (7.5%) compared to SRK\/T (42.5%). AI-driven formulas, particularly Kane and Hill-RBF, significantly improve refractive accuracy in extreme axial myopia. Their clinical adoption may enhance postoperative visual outcomes and reduce the need for corrective interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-20899-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T09:56:15Z","timestamp":1761126975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Artificial intelligence driven intraocular lens power calculation in extreme axial myopia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yudai","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koju","family":"Kamoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kengo","family":"Uramoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Ohno-Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"20899_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110549","volume":"183","author":"JA Micieli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Micieli, J. A. & Arshinoff, S. A. Cataract surgery. CMAJ 183, 1621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.110549 (2011).","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"20899_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-022-02466-4","volume":"42","author":"H Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, H., Ye, Z., Luo, Y. & Li, Z. Comparing the accuracy of new-generation intraocular lens power calculation formulae in axial myopic eyes: a meta-analysis. Int. Ophthalmol. 42, 1939\u20131956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-022-02466-4 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"20899_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13184","volume":"46","author":"Q Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation formulas in long eyes: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 46, 738\u2013749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ceo.13184 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"supplement 1","key":"20899_CR4","first-page":"65","volume":"51","author":"W Haigis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haigis, W. Biometry and intraocular lens calculation in extreme myopia. Acta Clin. Croat. 51 (supplement 1), 65\u201369 (2012).","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Croat"},{"key":"20899_CR5","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Clinical Modules for Ophthalmologists","author":"WE Hill","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hill, W. E. & Byrne, S. F. Complex axial length measurements and unusual IOL power calculation. In Clinical Modules for Ophthalmologists (ed. Points, F.) 22\u201329 (American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2004)."},{"key":"20899_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, C. et al. Accuracy of intraocular lens power formulas involving 148 eyes with long axial lengths: a retrospective chart-review study. J. Ophthalmol. 2015 (976847). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/976847 (2015).","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/976847"},{"key":"20899_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(13)80339-2","volume":"19","author":"GD Barrett","year":"1993","unstructured":"Barrett, G. D. An improved universal theoretical formula for intraocular lens power prediction. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 19, 713\u2013720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0886-3350(13)80339-2 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"20899_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2016.06.029","volume":"42","author":"DL Cooke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cooke, D. L. & Cooke, T. L. Comparison of 9 intraocular lens power calculation formulas. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 42, 1157\u20131164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrs.2016.06.029 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"20899_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762761","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.762761","volume":"9","author":"YC Chu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chu, Y. C. et al. Predictability of 6 intraocular lens power calculation formulas in people with very high myopia. Front. Med. (Lausanne). 9, 762761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.762761 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"20899_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702954","volume":"23","author":"RP Gale","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gale, R. P. et al. Benchmark standards for refractive outcomes after NHS cataract surgery. Eye (Lond). 23, 149\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.eye.6702954 (2009).","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"20899_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2019.08.014","volume":"46","author":"K Darcy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Darcy, K. et al. Assessment of the accuracy of new and updated intraocular lens power calculation formulas in 10,930 eyes from the UK National health service. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 46, 2\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrs.2019.08.014 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"20899_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4103\/2211-5056.357849","volume":"13","author":"W Stopyra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stopyra, W. Analysis of accuracy of twelve intraocular lens power calculation formulas for eyes with axial myopia. Taiwan. J. Ophthalmol. 13, 225\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2211-5056.357849 (2023).","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"20899_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-023-00799-6","volume":"12","author":"W Stopyra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stopyra, W., Langenbucher, A. & Grzybowski, A. Intraocular lens power calculation Formulas-A systematic review. Ophthalmol. Ther. 12, 2881\u20132902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40123-023-00799-6 (2023).","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"20899_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000251","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2018-000251","volume":"4","author":"BJ Connell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Connell, B. J. & Kane, J. X. Comparison of the Kane formula with existing formulas for intraocular lens power selection. BMJ Open. Ophthalmol. 4, e000251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2018-000251 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ Open. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"20899_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01966-z","volume":"41","author":"A Pereira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pereira, A. et al. A comparative analysis of 12 intraocular lens power formulas. Int. Ophthalmol. 41, 4137\u20134150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-021-01966-z (2021).","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"20899_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.019","volume":"127","author":"MD Bernardo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernardo, M. D. et al. Methods for intraocular lens power calculation in cataract surgery after radial keratotomy. Ophthalmology 127(1), 45\u201351 (2020).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"20899_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20201123-01","volume":"37","author":"J Bernardes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bernardes, J. et al. A comparison of intraocular lens power calculation formulas in high myopia. J. Refract. Surg. 37, 207\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/1081597X-20201123-01 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"20899_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/s0886-3350(02)01976-4","volume":"29","author":"CS Tsang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tsang, C. S. et al. Intraocular lens power calculation formulas in Chinese eyes with high axial myopia. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 29, 1358\u20131364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0886-3350(02)01976-4 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"20899_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1226-7","volume":"19","author":"CA Idrobo-Robalino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Idrobo-Robalino, C. A., Santaella, G. & Gutierrez, A. M. T2 formula in a highly myopic population, comparison with other methods and description of an improved approach for estimating corneal height. BMC Ophthalmol. 19, 222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-019-1226-7 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"20899_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S1726-4901(09)70038-3","volume":"72","author":"MJ Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen, M. J. et al. Relationship between central corneal thickness, refractive error, corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth and axial length. J. Chin. Med. Assoc. 72, 133\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1726-4901(09)70038-3 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"20899_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yi, Z. et al. eCollection. The accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation formulas based on artificial intelligence in highly myopic eyes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2023 Nov 9:11:1279718 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1279718","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1279718"},{"issue":"17","key":"20899_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36609","volume":"10","author":"M Ferdinando Cione","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferdinando Cione, M. et al. IOL power calculation in long eyes: selection of the best axial length adjustement factor using the most common formulas. Heliyon 10 (17), e36609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36609 (2024).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"20899_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316193","volume":"105","author":"G Savini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Savini, G. et al. Comparison of 13 formulas for IOL power calculation with measurements from partial coherence interferometry. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 105, 484\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316193 (2021).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"20899_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4395","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S290125","volume":"14","author":"D Hip\u00f3lito-Fernandes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hip\u00f3lito-Fernandes, D. et al. VRF-G, a new intraocular lens power calculation formula: A 13-Formulas comparison study. Clin. Ophthalmol. 14, 4395\u20134402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S290125 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"20899_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20200514-02","volume":"36","author":"H Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng, H. et al. Refractive predictability using the iolmaster 700 and artificial Intelligence-Based IOL power formulas compared to standard formulas. J. Refract. Surg. 36, 466\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/1081597X-20200514-02 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"20899_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2016.12.021","volume":"43","author":"JX Kane","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kane, J. X. et al. Accuracy of 3 new methods for intraocular lens power selection. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 43, 333\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrs.2016.12.021 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"20899_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296771","author":"X Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, X. Xiaodong Wang, Xuan Liao. How to choose the intraocular lens power calculation formulas in eyes with extremely long axial length? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One January https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296771 (2025).","journal-title":"PLOS One January"},{"key":"20899_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mag\u00ed et al. Pau Cid-Bertomeu, Tonet Ser\u00e9s-Noriega. Accuracy of 12 IOL power calculation formulas in highly myopic eyes. Int Ophthalmol. ;45(1):264. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-025-03608-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-025-03608-0"},{"key":"20899_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden, B. A. et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and Temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology 123, 1036\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006 (2016).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"20899_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-021-00273-z","volume":"9","author":"L Guttierez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guttierez, L., Lim, J. S. & Foo, L. L. Application of artificial intelligence in cataract management current and future directions. Eye Vis. 9, 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40662-021-00273-z (2022).","journal-title":"Eye Vis."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-20899-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-20899-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-20899-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T09:56:16Z","timestamp":1761126976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-20899-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["20899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-20899-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"36921"}}