{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T03:34:25Z","timestamp":1791689665272,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bryce Carmine and Anne Carmine (n\u00e9e Percival), through the Massey University Foundation"},{"name":"Morris Trust, through the Massey University Foundation"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Australian Laureate Fellowship funded by the Australian Government.","award":["FL240100037)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FL240100037)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001509","name":"Royal Society Te Ap\u0101rangi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAU1701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAU1701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001509","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Zoonotic risk assessments are increasingly vital in the wake of recent epidemics. The microbial diversity of parasitic organisms correlates with host species richness, with regions of high biodiversity facing elevated risks of emerging zoonotic infections. While habitat loss and fragmentation reduce species diversity, anthropogenic encroachment, particularly in forested areas, amplifies human exposure to novel pathogens. This study integrates host habitat, biodiversity, human encroachment, and population at risk to estimate novel disease emergence and epidemic risk at multiple spatial scales. Using Java, Indonesia, as a case study, we demonstrate that degrading spatial resolution leads to information loss, with optimal resolutions typically below 2000\u00a0m, ideally around 500\u00a0m when native-resolution processing is unfeasible. Gravity models of epidemic spread highlight Jakarta and West Java as high-risk areas, with varying contributions from surrounding regions. Our spatial analysis underscores the influence of population centers on forest management and agroforestry practices. These findings offer valuable insights for guiding pandemic prevention research and improving pathogen- and driver-based risk monitoring strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-21514-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T14:28:14Z","timestamp":1761575294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Upscaling effects on infectious disease emergence risk emphasize the need for local planning in primary prevention within biodiversity hotspots"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Renata L.","family":"Muylaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evita Izza","family":"Dwiyanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T. S.","family":"Hayman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"21514_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadp7706","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp7706","volume":"10","author":"D Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma, D. et al. Global expansion of human-wildlife overlap in the 21st century. Sci. Adv. 10, eadp7706 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"21514_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180403","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0403","volume":"15","author":"DA Wilkinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilkinson, D. A., Marshall, J. C., French, N. P. & Hayman, D. T. S. Habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss and the risk of novel infectious disease emergence. J. R. Soc. Interface 15, 20180403 (2018).","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"21514_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12904","volume":"21","author":"CL Faust","year":"2018","unstructured":"Faust, C. L. et al. Pathogen spillover during land conversion. Ecol. Lett. 21, 471\u2013483 (2018).","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"21514_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.04.592526","author":"W Horpiencharoen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Horpiencharoen, W., Marshall, J. C., Muylaert, R. L., John, R. S. & Hayman, D. T. S. Spatial risk of disease transmission between wild bovids and livestock in Thailand. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.05.04.592526 (2024).","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"21514_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12761","volume":"87","author":"LA White","year":"2018","unstructured":"White, L. A., Forester, J. D. & Craft, M. E. Dynamic, spatial models of parasite transmission in wildlife: Their structure, applications and remaining challenges. J. Anim. Ecol. 87, 559\u2013580 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"21514_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s44358-024-00005-w","volume":"1","author":"CJ Carlson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carlson, C. J. et al. Pathogens and planetary change. Nat. Rev. Biodivers. 1, 32\u201349 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Biodivers."},{"key":"21514_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42627-2","volume":"14","author":"RL Muylaert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muylaert, R. L. et al. Using drivers and transmission pathways to identify SARS-like coronavirus spillover risk hotspots. Nat. Commun. 14, 6854 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"21514_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31860-w","volume":"13","author":"CA S\u00e1nchez","year":"2022","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, C. A. et al. A strategy to assess spillover risk of bat SARS-related coronaviruses in Southeast Asia. Nat. Commun. 13, 1\u201312 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"21514_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04788-w","volume":"607","author":"CJ Carlson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carlson, C. J. et al. Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk. Nature 607, 555\u2013562 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"21514_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.22.24307684","author":"R Gibb","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gibb, R. et al. The anthropogenic fingerprint on emerging infectious diseases. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.05.22.24307684 (2024).","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"21514_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","volume":"451","author":"KE Jones","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones, K. E. et al. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451, 990\u2013993 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"21514_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00923-8","volume":"8","author":"T Allen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Allen, T. et al. Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases. Nat. Commun. 8, 1\u201310 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"21514_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vead079","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead079","volume":"10","author":"NR Forero-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Forero-Mu\u00f1oz, N. R. et al. The coevolutionary mosaic of bat betacoronavirus emergence risk. Virus Evol. 10, vead079 (2024).","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"21514_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04395","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.04395","volume":"3","author":"DM Pigott","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pigott, D. M. et al. Mapping the zoonotic niche of Ebola virus disease in Africa. Elife 3, e04395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.04395 (2014).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"21514_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09575","volume":"468","author":"F Keesing","year":"2010","unstructured":"Keesing, F. et al. Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Nature 468, 647\u2013652 (2010).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"21514_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46151-9","volume":"15","author":"RK Plowright","year":"2024","unstructured":"Plowright, R. K. et al. Ecological countermeasures to prevent pathogen spillover and subsequent pandemics. Nat. Commun. 15, 1\u201313 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"21514_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100617","volume":"17","author":"DTS Hayman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hayman, D. T. S. et al. Developing One Health surveillance systems. One Health 17, 100617 (2023).","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"21514_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) et al. One Health: A new definition for a sustainable and healthy future. PLoS Pathog. 18, e1010537 (2022).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010537"},{"key":"21514_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl4183","author":"AS Bernstein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bernstein, A. S. et al. The costs and benefits of primary prevention of zoonotic pandemics. Sci. Adv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abl4183 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"21514_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12976","volume":"69","author":"DN Aisyah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aisyah, D. N. et al. Building on health security capacities in Indonesia: Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic responses and challenges. Zoonoses Public Health 69, 757\u2013767 (2022).","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"21514_CR21","unstructured":"Wulandari, E. Building Resilience: The Indonesia One Health Joint Plan of Action. WHO Indonesia (2024)."},{"key":"21514_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac46ec","volume":"17","author":"MC Hansen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hansen, M. C. et al. Global land use extent and dispersion within natural land cover using Landsat data. Environ. Res. Lett. 17, 034050 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"21514_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-10-8","volume":"10","author":"AJ Tatem","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tatem, A. J. et al. Mapping populations at risk: Improving spatial demographic data for infectious disease modeling and metric derivation. Popul. Health Metr. 10, 1\u201314 (2012).","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metr."},{"key":"21514_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.07318","author":"PA Bevan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bevan, P. A. et al. Regional Biomes outperform broader spatial units in capturing biodiversity responses to land-use change. Ecography (Cop.) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ecog.07318 (2024).","journal-title":"Ecography (Cop.)"},{"key":"21514_CR25","volume":"126","author":"R Virtriana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Virtriana, R. et al. Developing a spatial-based predictive model for conservation area management prioritization using ecosystem service and site suitability index in Java Island. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 126, 103606 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"21514_CR26","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Preprint at https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ (2020)."},{"key":"21514_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360090305","volume":"9","author":"G Bl\u00f6schl","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bl\u00f6schl, G. & Sivapalan, M. Scale issues in hydrological modelling: A review. Hydrol. Process. 9, 251\u2013290 (1995).","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"21514_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"I Eckert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eckert, I., Brown, A., Caron, D., Riva, F. & Pollock, L. J. 30\u00d730 biodiversity gains rely on national coordination. Nat. Commun. 14, 1\u201311 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"21514_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.1712","author":"CS Teitelbaum","year":"2024","unstructured":"Teitelbaum, C. S., Ferraz, A., De La Cruz, S. E. W., Gilmour, M. E. & Brosnan, I. G. The potential of remote sensing for improved infectious disease ecology research and practice. Proceedings B https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2024.1712 (2024).","journal-title":"Proceedings B"},{"key":"21514_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1059-1","volume":"26","author":"DJ Weiss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weiss, D. J. et al. Global maps of travel time to healthcare facilities. Nat. Med. 26, 1835\u20131838 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"21514_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2018.11.009","volume":"34","author":"M Pontarp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pontarp, M. et al. The latitudinal diversity gradient: Novel understanding through mechanistic Eco-evolutionary models. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 211\u2013223 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"21514_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0962-7","volume":"3","author":"EE Saupe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saupe, E. E. et al. Spatio-temporal climate change contributes to latitudinal diversity gradients. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 1419\u20131429 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"21514_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12298","volume":"21","author":"TJ Matthews","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matthews, T. J., Cottee-Jones, H. E. W. & Whittaker, R. J. Quantifying and interpreting nestedness in habitat islands: A synthetic analysis of multiple datasets. Divers. Distrib. 21, 392\u2013404 (2015).","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"21514_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020141","volume":"2","author":"V Guernier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Guernier, V., Hochberg, M. E. & Gu\u00e9gan, J.-F. Ecology drives the worldwide distribution of human diseases. PLoS Biol. 2, e141 (2004).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"21514_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01838-w","volume":"9","author":"M Lumbierres","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lumbierres, M. et al. Area of Habitat maps for the world\u2019s terrestrial birds and mammals. Sci. Data 9, 749 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"21514_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade2310","volume":"378","author":"CN Waters","year":"2022","unstructured":"Waters, C. N. & Turner, S. D. Defining the onset of the Anthropocene. Science 378, 706\u2013708 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"21514_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McElwee, P. D. et al. IPBES nexus assessment: Summary for policymakers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.13850290.","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.13850290"},{"key":"21514_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0358","author":"CJ Carlson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carlson, C. J. et al. The future of zoonotic risk prediction. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2020.0358 (2021).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"21514_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14391","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.14391","volume":"39","author":"JJ Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi, J. J. et al. Role of low-impact-factor journals in conservation implementation. Conserv. Biol. 39, e14391 (2024).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"21514_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0129","author":"PR Hosseini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hosseini, P. R. et al. Does the impact of biodiversity differ between emerging and endemic pathogens? The need to separate the concepts of hazard and risk. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2016.0129 (2017).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"21514_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14203","volume":"26","author":"TJ Matthews","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matthews, T. J. et al. A global analysis of avian island diversity\u2013area relationships in the Anthropocene. Ecol. Lett. 26, 965\u2013982 (2023).","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"21514_CR42","unstructured":"Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS GIS) Software, Version 7.2. Paperpile https:\/\/paperpile.com\/app\/p\/0a2fa280-8983-0efa-8c26-fc7cb6405507."},{"key":"21514_CR43","unstructured":"Vancine, M. et al. Lsmetrics lsmetrics: a tool for calculating ecologically scaled landscape metrics. (eds. Vancine, M., Niebuhr, B., Muylaert, R. L., Ribeiro, F. M., Ribeiro, J. W. and Ribeiro, M. C.) https:\/\/mauriciovancine.github.io\/lsmetrics (2025)."},{"key":"21514_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.04.007","volume":"32","author":"BA Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han, B. A., Kramer, A. M. & Drake, J. M. Global patterns of zoonotic disease in mammals. Trends Parasitol. 32, 565\u2013577 (2016).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"21514_CR45","first-page":"106","volume":"69","author":"JE Anderson","year":"1979","unstructured":"Anderson, J. E. A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation. Am. Econ. Rev. 69, 106\u2013116 (1979).","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"21514_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"WorldPop. Global 100\u00a0m Population. University of Southampton. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5258\/SOTON\/WP00645 (2018).","DOI":"10.5258\/SOTON\/WP00645"},{"key":"21514_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"South, A., Michael, S. & Massicotte, P. rnaturalearthdata: World Vector Map Data from Natural Earth Used in \u2018rnaturalearth\u2019. CRAN: Contributed Packages The R Foundation https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/cran.package.rnaturalearthdata (2017).","DOI":"10.32614\/cran.package.rnaturalearthdata"},{"key":"21514_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107042","volume":"10","author":"FR Stevens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stevens, F. R., Gaughan, A. E., Linard, C. & Tatem, A. J. Disaggregating census data for population mapping using random forests with remotely-sensed and ancillary data. PLoS ONE 10, e0107042 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"21514_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.14133","volume":"14","author":"BB Niebuhr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Niebuhr, B. B. et al. Estimating the cumulative impact and zone of influence of anthropogenic features on biodiversity. Methods Ecol. Evol. 14, 2362\u20132375 (2023).","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"21514_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1890\/02-0472","volume":"84","author":"JD Toms","year":"2003","unstructured":"Toms, J. D. & Lesperance, M. L. Piecewise regression: A tool for identifying ecological thresholds. Ecology 84, 2034\u20132041 (2003).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"21514_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2022.2125649","author":"E Sadewo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sadewo, E., Hudalah, D., Antipova, A., Cheng, L. & Syabri, I. The role of urban transformation on inter-suburban commuting: evidence from Jakarta metropolitan area, Indonesia. Urban Geogr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02723638.2022.2125649 (2023).","journal-title":"Urban Geogr."},{"key":"21514_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01332-3","volume":"9","author":"M Lesiv","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lesiv, M. et al. Global forest management data for 2015 at a 100 m resolution. Sci. Data 9, 1\u201314 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"21514_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0298521","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02985-21","volume":"13","author":"CJ Carlson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carlson, C. J. et al. The global virome in one network (VIRION): An atlas of vertebrate-virus associations. MBio 13, e0298521 (2022).","journal-title":"MBio"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-21514-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-21514-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-21514-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T03:02:24Z","timestamp":1761966144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-21514-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["21514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-21514-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6340440\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"37504"}}