{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:21:38Z","timestamp":1784830898728,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009169","name":"Assiut University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009169","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pollutants impact fish health, leading to environmental diseases. Anionic surfactant detergents and MPs (MPs) consist serious threat in freshwater environments either lonely or in combination. However, their combined effects are not well studied. Our research therefore focuses on studying the harmful effects of the anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and polyethylene MPs (PMPs) on the biology of freshwater African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), either alone or in combination. A 15-day exposure trial to PMPs (10\u00a0mg\/L), SLS (4\u00a0mg\/L), or their combination was conducted. Hematological, biochemical, antioxidant, and immunological markers were estimated. The erythrocytic morphology was investigated. The pathological harms were monitored, and the histological abnormalities were scored. In addition, histochemical appraisals of fibrosis and hypoglycemia in the liver and spleen were estimated. This was achieved by semi-quantification of polysaccharide deposits and the fibrotic collagen density and distribution pattern in the tissue micro-sections. On the one hand, our findings revealed deteriorated biological markers in C. gariepinus exposed to PMPs (10\u00a0mg\/L) or SLS (4\u00a0mg\/L) by close levels. Significant decreases in the hematological indices, while substantial increases in the biochemical markers were recorded. As well, significant decreases were recorded in the total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase, while an elevation was recorded in the level of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 cytokines. Poikilocytosis of erythrocytes and severe hepatic and splenic pathological lesions were observed. Furthermore, high levels of fibrosis and hypoglycemia were detected. On the other hand, our findings showed antagonistic effects upon the combined exposure to PMPs (10\u00a0mg\/L) and SLS (4\u00a0mg\/L). Fluctuated non-significant differences were observed in hematology and biochemical markers. Mild erythrocytic poikilocytosis and moderate pathological lesions were scored in liver as well as spleen. In addition, moderate quantitative fibrosis, and hypoglycemia were estimated. Exposure to PMPs and SLS deteriorate the biology and pathology of C. gariepinus by severe effects. Interestingly, ameliorated biological alterations were recorded evidenced a surprising antagonistic effect of PMPs\u2009+\u2009SLS. Possibly, a chemical chelation between both reagents counteracted their singular effect inside the biological system, which retorted their harm. Therefore, further investigations by chemists on the probable chemical interaction between PMPs and SLS inside biological systems, which might change their physical or chemical characteristics, may explain the case.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-21773-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T08:32:30Z","timestamp":1765182750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A multi-biomarker approach to assess the exposure effects of MPs and\/or sodium lauryl sulfate on Clarias Gariepinus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alyaa","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamdy A. M.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanem S.","family":"Abdel-Tawab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa El-Din H.","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"21773_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(98)00444-X","volume":"172","author":"WB Van Muiswinkel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Van Muiswinkel, W. B., Wiegertjes, G. F. & Stet, R. J. The influence of environmental and genetic factors on the disease resistance of fish. %J Aquaculture. 172 (1\u20132), 103\u2013110 (1999).","journal-title":"%J Aquaculture"},{"key":"21773_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mustafa, S. A., Al-Rudainy, A. J. & Salman, N. M. Effect of Environmental Pollutants on Fish Health: an Overview (%J Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejar.2024.02.006"},{"issue":"13","key":"21773_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5768","DOI":"10.3390\/app11135768","volume":"11","author":"MC Guerrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guerrera, M. C. et al. Micro and nano plastics distribution in fish as model organisms: histopathology, blood response and bioaccumulation in different organs. %J Appl. Sci. 11 (13), 5768 (2021).","journal-title":"%J Appl. Sci."},{"key":"21773_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, H. et al. The Hidden Risk of microplastic-associated Pathogens in Aquatic Environments (%J Eco-EnvironmentHealth, 2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eehl.2023.07.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"21773_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2016.1209772","volume":"40","author":"CD Nwani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nwani, C. D. et al. Genotoxicity assessment and oxidative stress responses in freshwater African catfish Clarias Gariepinus exposed to fenthion formulations. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 40 (3), 273\u2013280 (2017).","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"21773_CR6","unstructured":"Ogueji, E. O. et al. Acute toxicity of ibuprofen on selected biochemical and oxidative stress parameters of liver in Clarias gariepinusJuveniles (Burchell). J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 5 (4), 1060\u20131068 (2017)."},{"key":"21773_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haredi, A. M. M. et al. Lake Edku pollutants induced biochemical and histopathological alterations in muscle tissues of nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. 12, 247\u2013255 (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/s13530-020-00042-w"},{"key":"21773_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph, T. M. et al. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling: A review. 9: p. 100673. (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2024.100673"},{"key":"21773_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129977","volume":"276","author":"Abarghouei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abarghouei et al. Size-dependent effects of microplastic on uptake, immune system, related gene expression and histopathology of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Chemosphere 276, 129977 (2021).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"21773_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129977","volume":"276","author":"S Abarghouei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abarghouei, S. et al. Size-dependent effects of microplastic on uptake, immune system, related gene expression and histopathology of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Chemosphere 276, 129977 (2021).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"21","key":"21773_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9175","DOI":"10.1021\/es201811s","volume":"45","author":"MA Browne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Browne, M. A. et al. Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: sources and sinks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (21), 9175\u20139179 (2011).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"21773_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025","volume":"62","author":"M Cole","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cole, M. et al. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Mar. Pollut Bull. 62 (12), 2588\u20132597 (2011).","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut Bull."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"21773_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.07.029","volume":"99","author":"IE Napper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Napper, I. E. et al. Characterisation, quantity and sorptive properties of microplastics extracted from cosmetics. Mar. Pollut Bull. 99 (1\u20132), 178\u2013185 (2015).","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut Bull."},{"key":"21773_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole, M. et al. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a reviewMar. Pollut. Bull. 62(12), 2588\u20132597 (2011).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025"},{"key":"21773_CR15","unstructured":"Lakhiar, I. A. et al. Quantitative analysis of selected plastics in high-commercial-value Australian seafood by pyrolysis gaschromatography mass spectrometry. Agronomy. 14 (3), p. 548. (2024)."},{"key":"21773_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, F. et al. Plastic pollution in agriculture as a threat to food security, the ecosystem, and the environment: an overview. Environmental Science & Technology. 54 (15), 9408\u20139417 (2020).","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02337"},{"issue":"22","key":"21773_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13622","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03163","volume":"49","author":"D Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, D. et al. Microplastic pollution in table salts from China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (22), 13622\u201313627 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"21773_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaf.2020.07.017","volume":"6","author":"O Kaleem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaleem, O. & Sabi, A. F. B. S. Overview of aquaculture systems in Egypt and Nigeria, prospects, potentials, and constraints. %J Aquaculture Fisheries. 6 (6), 535\u2013547 (2021).","journal-title":"%J Aquaculture Fisheries"},{"key":"21773_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.153","volume":"228","author":"M Hamed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamed, M. et al. Assessment the effect of exposure to microplastics in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) early juvenile: I. blood biomarkers. Chemosphere 228, 345\u2013350 (2019).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"21773_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Costa Ara\u00fajo, A. P. et al. How much are microplastics harmful to the health of amphibians? A study with pristine polyethylene microplastics and Physalaemus cuvieri. 382: p. 121066. (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121066"},{"key":"21773_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Doncel, M. et al. Effects of life cycle exposure to polystyrene microplastics on medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). 311: p. 120001. (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120001"},{"key":"21773_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.09.031","volume":"213","author":"K Jabeen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jabeen, K. et al. Effects of Virgin microplastics on goldfish (Carassius auratus). Chemosphere 213, 323\u2013332 (2018).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"21773_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113401","volume":"175","author":"Hoseini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoseini et al. Hepatic transcriptomic and histopathological responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, to copper and microplastic exposure. Mar. Pollut Bull. 175, 113401 (2022).","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut Bull."},{"issue":"7","key":"21773_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-0618","volume":"171","author":"P Schwabl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwabl, P. et al. Detection of various microplastics in human stool: A prospective case series. Ann. Intern. Med. 171 (7), 453\u2013457 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"21773_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, A. et al. Microplastics and their potential effects on the aquaculture systems: a critical review. Rev. Aquac. 13 (1), 719\u2013733 (2021).","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12496"},{"key":"21773_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.12.008","volume":"195","author":"LGA Barboza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barboza, L. G. A. et al. Microplastics cause neurotoxicity, oxidative damage and energy-related changes and interact with the bioaccumulation of mercury in the European seabass, dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758). Aquat. Toxicol. 195, 49\u201357 (2018).","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"21773_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10107","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10107","volume":"5","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Exploring the effects of different types of surfactants on zebrafish embryos and larvae. Sci. Rep. 5 (1), 10107 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"21773_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, A. & Trivedi, S. P. Anionic surfactant, linear alkyl benzene sulphonate induced oxidative stress and hepatic impairments in fish Channa punctatus. in Proceedings of the zoological society. Springer. (2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/s12595-017-0223-1"},{"key":"21773_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.04.008","volume":"226","author":"A Barra Caracciolo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barra Caracciolo, A. et al. Characteristics and environmental fate of the anionic surfactant sodium Lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) used as the main component in foaming agents for mechanized tunnelling. Environ. Pollut. 226, 94\u2013103 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut"},{"key":"21773_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4137\/EHI.S31765","volume":"9","author":"CA Bondi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bondi, C. A. et al. Human and environmental toxicity of sodium Lauryl sulfate (SLS): evidence for safe use in household cleaning products. Environ. Health Insights. 9, 27\u201332 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"issue":"9","key":"21773_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1897\/04-49","volume":"23","author":"SE Belanger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Belanger, S. E. et al. Responses of periphyton and invertebrates to a tetradecyl-pentadecyl sulfate mixture in stream mesocosms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23 (9), 2202\u20132213 (2004).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"21773_CR32","unstructured":"JeenJose, P. & Johnson, M. K. Histological Study on Gills and Liver of Fresh water Fish Rasbora dandia Exposed to Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS). (2018)."},{"key":"21773_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messina, C. M. et al. Effect of sodium Dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on stress response in the mediterranean mussel (MytilusGalloprovincialis): regulatory volume decrease (Rvd) and modulation of biochemical markers related to oxidative stress.Aquat. Toxicol. 157, 94\u2013100 (2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2014.10.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"21773_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96580","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096580","volume":"9","author":"N Cedergreen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cedergreen, N. Quantifying synergy: a systematic review of mixture toxicity studies within environmental toxicology. PLoS One. 9 (5), e96580 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"21773_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchant, D. J. et al. Do microplastics mediate the effects of chemicals on aquatic organisms? 242: p. 106037. (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2021.106037"},{"key":"21773_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eder, M. L. et al. Microplastics as a vehicle of exposure to chemical contamination in freshwater systems: Current research status and way forward. 417: p. 125980. (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125980"},{"issue":"24","key":"21773_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16830","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416830","volume":"19","author":"F Impellitteri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Impellitteri, F. et al. Hemocytes: A useful tool for assessing the toxicity of Microplastics, heavy Metals, and pesticides on aquatic invertebrates. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 19 (24), 16830 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"21773_CR38","first-page":"342","volume":"9","author":"A El-Sayed","year":"2024","unstructured":"El-Sayed, A. et al. Nephrotoxicity of single or combined exposure to microplastics (MPs) and sodium Lauryl sulfate (SLS) in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). %J Sohag J. Sci. 9 (3), 342\u2013349 (2024).","journal-title":"%J Sohag J. Sci."},{"key":"21773_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.02.023","volume":"128","author":"D Sayed Ael","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sayed Ael, D. et al. Antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities of Calotropis procera latex on catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to toxic 4-nonylphenol. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 128, 189\u2013194 (2016).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"2","key":"21773_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3390\/md19020072","volume":"19","author":"F Ahmed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed, F. et al. Dietary Chitosan nanoparticles: potential role in modulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) antibacterial defense and intestinal immunity against enteric Redmouth disease. %J Mar. Drugs. 19 (2), 72 (2021).","journal-title":"%J Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"21773_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamed, M. et al. Assessment the effect of exposure to microplastics in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) early juvenile: I. blood biomarkers. 228: pp. 345\u2013350. (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.153"},{"key":"21773_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas, R. et al. Toxic impacts induced by Sodium lauryl sulfate in Mytilus galloprovincialis. 242: p. 110656. (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2020.110656"},{"issue":"21","key":"21773_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-26604-2","volume":"30","author":"AEH Sayed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sayed, A. E. H. et al. Haemato-biochemical, mutagenic, and histopathological changes in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to BTX. Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. Int. 30 (21), 59301\u201359315 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. Int."},{"key":"21773_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mekkawy, I. A., Mahmoud, U. M. & Sayed, A. E. D. H. Effects of 4-nonylphenol on blood cells of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). %J Tissue cell, 43(4): pp. 223\u2013229. (2011).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2011.03.006"},{"key":"21773_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149921","volume":"803","author":"M Hamed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamed, M., Monteiro, C. E. & Sayed, A. E. H. Investigation of the impact caused by different sizes of polyethylene plastics (nano, micro, and macro) in common carp juveniles, Cyprinus Carpio L., using multi-biomarkers. Sci. Total Environ. 803, 149921 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"21773_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.54.5.356","volume":"54","author":"D Koracevic","year":"2001","unstructured":"Koracevic, D. et al. Method for the measurement of antioxidant activity in human fluids. J. Clin. Pathol. 54 (5), 356\u2013361 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"21773_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(72)80218-3","volume":"46","author":"M Nishikimi","year":"1972","unstructured":"Nishikimi, M., Appaji, N. & Yagi, K. The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 46 (2), 849\u2013854 (1972).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"21773_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.11.007","volume":"149","author":"AEH Sayed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sayed, A. E. H. & Soliman, H. A. M. Modulatory effects of green tea extract against the hepatotoxic effects of 4-nonylphenol in catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 149, 159\u2013165 (2018).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"2","key":"21773_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","volume":"95","author":"H Ohkawa","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N. & Yagi, K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal. Biochem. 95 (2), 351\u2013358 (1979).","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"21773_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279382","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1279382","volume":"10","author":"HA Soliman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soliman, H. A. et al. Toxicity of co-exposure of microplastics and lead in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). %J Front. Veterinary Sci. 10, 1279382 (2023).","journal-title":"%J Front. Veterinary Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"21773_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051049","volume":"18","author":"CC Shu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shu, C. C. et al. A histopathological scheme for the quantitative scoring of intervertebral disc degeneration and the therapeutic utility of adult mesenchymal stem cells for intervertebral disc regeneration. %J Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18 (5), 1049 (2017).","journal-title":"%J Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"21773_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23081848","volume":"23","author":"KE Ibrahim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ibrahim, K. E. et al. Histopathology of the liver, kidney, and spleen of mice exposed to gold nanoparticles. Molecules 23 (8), 1848 (2018).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"21773_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2006.02.007","volume":"66","author":"C Fernandes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fernandes, C. et al. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Liza saliens from the Esmoriz\u2013Paramos coastal lagoon, Portugal. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 66 (3), 426\u2013431 (2007).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"8","key":"21773_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12184","volume":"33","author":"Y Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. Image analysis of liver collagen using Sirius red is more accurate and correlates better with serum fibrosis markers than trichrome. %J Liver Int. 33 (8), 1249\u20131256 (2013).","journal-title":"%J Liver Int."},{"key":"21773_CR55","unstructured":"Shafiei, M. T. et al. Detecting glycogen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with periodic acid schiff staining. J. Visualized Experiments: JoVE. 94, 52199 (2014)."},{"issue":"7","key":"21773_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3390\/md20070425","volume":"20","author":"M Saleh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saleh, M. et al. Therapeutic intervention with dietary Chitosan nanoparticles alleviates fish pathological and molecular systemic inflammatory responses against infections. Mar. Drugs. 20 (7), 425 (2022).","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"21773_CR57","unstructured":"Dytham, C. Choosing and using statistics: a biologist\u2019s guide (Wiley, 2011)."},{"issue":"6","key":"21773_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1080\/1547691X.2016.1242673","volume":"13","author":"K Thummabancha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thummabancha, K., Onparn, N. & Srisapoome, P. Analysis of hematologic alterations, immune responses and Metallothionein gene expression in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to silver nanoparticles. J. Immunotoxicol. 13 (6), 909\u2013917 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"21773_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2011.01.001","volume":"64","author":"C Kavitha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kavitha, C. et al. Toxicity of Moringa Oleifera seed extract on some hematological and biochemical profiles in a freshwater fish, Cyprinus Carpio. %J Experimental Toxicologic Pathol. 64 (7\u20138), 681\u2013687 (2012).","journal-title":"%J Experimental Toxicologic Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"21773_CR60","first-page":"129","volume":"21","author":"P Joshp","year":"2002","unstructured":"Joshp, P., Bose, M. & Harish, D. Changes in certain haematological parameters in a siluroid Cat fish Clarias Batrachus (Linn) exposed to cadmium chloride. %J Pollution Res. 21 (2), 129\u2013131 (2002).","journal-title":"%J Pollution Res."},{"key":"21773_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.05.065","volume":"67","author":"RM Khalil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khalil, R. M., Reda & Awad, A. Efficacy of spirulina platensis diet supplements on disease resistance and immune-related gene expression in Cyprinus Carpio L. exposed to herbicide atrazine. %J Fish. Shellfish Immunol. 67, 119\u2013128 (2017).","journal-title":"%J Fish. Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"21773_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(83)90040-3","volume":"75","author":"J H\u00e4rdig","year":"1983","unstructured":"H\u00e4rdig, J. & H\u00f6glund, L. B. On accuracy in estimating fish blood variables. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part. A: Physiol. 75 (1), 35\u201340 (1983).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part. A: Physiol."},{"key":"21773_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.12.013","volume":"191","author":"A Osman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Osman, A., Hamed, M. & Sayed, A. Protective role of spirulina platensis against UVA-induced haemato-biochemical and cellular alterations in Clarias Gariepinus. J. Photochem. Photobiol B. 191, 59\u201364 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol B"},{"issue":"5","key":"21773_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.02.012","volume":"22","author":"A Alkaladi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alkaladi, A. et al. Hematological and biochemical investigations on the effect of vitamin E and C on Oreochromis niloticus exposed to zinc oxide nanoparticles. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 22 (5), 556\u2013563 (2015).","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"21773_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03263","volume":"3","author":"Rochman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rochman et al. Ingested plastic transfers hazardous chemicals to fish and induces hepatic stress. Sci. Rep. 3, 3263 (2013).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"30","key":"21773_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30857","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06280-x","volume":"26","author":"M Fathy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fathy, M. et al. Hemotoxic effects of some herbicides on juvenile of nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. Int. 26 (30), 30857\u201330865 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"21773_CR67","first-page":"29","volume":"11","author":"OD Owolabi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Owolabi, O. D., J.S.J.I.J.o, T. & Omotosho Atrazine-mediated Oxidative Stress Responses Lipid Peroxidation Tissues Clarias Gariepinus 11(2): 29\u201338. (2017).","journal-title":"Atrazine-mediated Oxidative Stress Responses Lipid Peroxidation Tissues Clarias Gariepinus"},{"issue":"2","key":"21773_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.08.001","volume":"40","author":"G Atli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Atli, G. et al. Alterations in the serum biomarkers belonging to different metabolic systems of fish (Oreochromis niloticus) after cd and Pb exposures. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 40 (2), 508\u2013515 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"21773_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6ner, M., Atli, G. & Canli, M. Changes in serum biochemical parameters of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus following prolonged metal (Ag, cd, Cr, Cu, Zn) exposures. Alterations in the serum biomarkers belonging to different metabolicsystems of fish (Oreochromis niloticus) after cd and Pb exposures, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 27 (2), 360\u2013366 (2008).","DOI":"10.1897\/07-281R.1"},{"issue":"2","key":"21773_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.12.019","volume":"39","author":"EG Canli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Canli, E. G. & Canli, M. Low water conductivity increases the effects of copper on the serum parameters in fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 39 (2), 606\u2013613 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"21773_CR71","unstructured":"Authman, M. M. et al. Heavy Metals Pollution and their Effects on Gills and Liver of the Nile Catfish Inhabiting El-Rahawy Drain, Egypt. J Glob Vet. 10 (2), 103\u2013115 (2013)."},{"issue":"7","key":"21773_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4054","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00183","volume":"50","author":"Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu et al. Uptake and accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and toxic effects in liver. %J Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (7), 4054\u20134060 (2016).","journal-title":"%J Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"21773_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad M. I. et al. Pendimethalin-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and activation of anti-inflammatory and apoptoticmarkers in in male rats. Sci. Rep. 8 (1), 17139 (2018).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35484-3"},{"key":"21773_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.11.011","volume":"170","author":"P Ferreira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferreira, P. et al. Effects of multi-stressors on juveniles of the marine fish Pomatoschistus microps: gold nanoparticles, microplastics and temperature. Aquat. Toxicol. 170, 89\u2013103 (2016).","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"21773_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Interactions effects of nano-microplastics and heavy metals in hybrid Snakehead (Channa maculata\u2640\u00d7 Channa argus\u2642). 124: pp. 74\u201381. (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.03.045"},{"key":"21773_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2021.100788","volume":"21","author":"C Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang, C. et al. Molecular characterization and expression profiles of two Interleukin genes IL-8 and IL-10 in Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus). Aquaculture Rep. 21, 100788 (2021).","journal-title":"Aquaculture Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"21773_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s001280000014","volume":"64","author":"AK Sawhney","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sawhney, A. K. & Johal, M. S. Erythrocyte alterations induced by malathion in Channa punctatus (Bloch). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 64 (3), 398\u2013405 (2000).","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"issue":"3","key":"21773_CR78","first-page":"795","volume":"10","author":"AB Chukhlovin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chukhlovin, A. B. Apoptosis and red blood cell echinocytosis: common features. Scanning Microsc. 10 (3), 795\u2013803 (1996). discussion 803-4.","journal-title":"Scanning Microsc"},{"key":"21773_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ateeq, B. et al. Induction of micronuclei and erythrocyte alterations in the catfish Clarias Batrachus by 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and Butachlor. 518(2): pp. 135\u2013144. (2002).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(02)00075-X"},{"key":"21773_CR80","unstructured":"Brown, L. Aquaculture for veterinarians. Fish husbandry and medicine (1993)."},{"issue":"4","key":"21773_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1139\/f76-095","volume":"33","author":"JA Buckley","year":"1976","unstructured":"Buckley, J. A., Whitmore, C. M. & Matsuda, R. I. Changes in blood chemistry and blood cell morphology in Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) following exposure to sublethal levels of total residual Chlorine in municipal wastewater. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33 (4), 776\u2013782 (1976).","journal-title":"J. Fish. Res. Board Can."},{"key":"21773_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140217","volume":"742","author":"C Ara\u00fajo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, C., de Andrade Vieira, J. E. & Malafaia, G. Toxicity and trophic transfer of polyethylene microplastics from poecilia reticulata to Danio rerio. %J Sci. Total Environ. 742, 140217 (2020).","journal-title":"%J Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"21773_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaposi, K. L. et al. Ingestion of Microplastic Has Limited Impact on a Marine Larva48p. 1638\u20131645 (Environmental Science & Technology, 2014). 3.","DOI":"10.1021\/es404295e"},{"key":"21773_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamed, M., Osman, A. G. M., Badrey, A. E. A., Soliman, H. A. M., and Sayed, A. E. D. H. Microplastics-Induced Eryptosis and Poikilocytosis in Early-Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Front. Physiol (2021) 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.742922"},{"issue":"8","key":"21773_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-018-1465-8","volume":"43","author":"G Brancatelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brancatelli, G. et al. Hepatic sinusoidal dilatation. Abdom. Radiol. (NY). 43 (8), 2011\u20132022 (2018).","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol. (NY)"},{"issue":"20","key":"21773_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11327","DOI":"10.1021\/es302332w","volume":"46","author":"N von Moos","year":"2012","unstructured":"von Moos, N., Burkhardt-Holm, P. & Kohler, A. Uptake and effects of microplastics on cells and tissue of the blue mussel mytilus Edulis L. after an experimental exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (20), 11327\u201311335 (2012).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"21773_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemcs\u00f3k, J. et al. Effects of copper, zinc and Paraquat on acetylcholinesterase activity in carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.). 5(1): pp. 23\u201331. (1984).","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-445X(84)90029-8"},{"issue":"6","key":"21773_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021061402491","volume":"11","author":"RD Handy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Handy, R. D., Runnalls, T. & Russell, P. M. Histopathologic biomarkers in three spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from several rivers in Southern England that Meet the freshwater fisheries directive. Ecotoxicology 11 (6), 467\u2013479 (2002).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"21773_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salim, F. Histopathological effect of heavy metal on different organs of fresh water fish tissues from Garmat Ali river adjacent to Al-Najebyia power station. Kufa J. Vet. Med. Sci. 6 (1), 141\u2013153 (2015).","DOI":"10.36326\/kjvs\/2015\/v6i14005"},{"issue":"13","key":"21773_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07898-y","volume":"27","author":"Hamed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamed et al. Antioxidants and molecular damage in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after exposure to microplastics. Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. Int. 27 (13), 14581\u201314588 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. Int."},{"key":"21773_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138662","volume":"727","author":"B Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, B. et al. Microplastics in fishes and their living environments surrounding a plastic production area. Sci. Total Environ. 727, 138662 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"21773_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623312464308","volume":"41","author":"AJ Van Wettere","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Wettere, A. J. et al. Anchoring hepatic gene expression with development of fibrosis and neoplasia in a toxicant-induced fish model of liver injury. Toxicol. Pathol. 41 (5), 744\u2013760 (2013).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"21773_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuo, L. Z. et al. Sorption and desorption of phenanthrene on biodegradable poly (butylene adipate co-terephtalate) microplastics. 215: pp. 25\u201332. (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.09.173"},{"key":"21773_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karbalaei, S. et al. Toxicity of polystyrene microplastics on juvenile Oncorhynchus Mykiss (rainbow trout) after individual and combined exposure with chlorpyrifos\u200e. J. Hazard. Mater. 403, 123980 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123980"},{"key":"21773_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanachi, P. et al. Combined polystyrene microplastics and Chlorpyrifos decrease levels of nutritional parameters in muscle ofrainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28, 64908\u201364920 (2021).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15536-4"},{"key":"21773_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrido, S. et al. Effect of microplastics on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to the microalgae Isochrysis galbana, clone t-ISO. 173: pp. 103\u2013109. (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.02.020"},{"issue":"3","key":"21773_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-016-1171-4","volume":"14","author":"B Nematdoost Haghi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nematdoost Haghi, B. & Banaee, M. Effects of micro-plastic particles on Paraquat toxicity to common carp (Cyprinus carpio): biochemical changes. J. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 14 (3), 521\u2013530 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"21773_CR98","first-page":"1545","volume":"470","author":"H Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, H., Shim, W. J. & J.-H .J.S.o.t.t.e. Kwon. Sorption Capacity Plast. Debris Hydrophobic Org. Chemicals. 470, 1545\u20131552 (2014).","journal-title":"Sorption Capacity Plast. Debris Hydrophobic Org. Chemicals"},{"key":"21773_CR99","unstructured":"Comanche-Webb, X. M. Surface interactions of polyethylene microplastics and sodium laureth ether sulfate, (2024)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-21773-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-21773-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-21773-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T21:02:01Z","timestamp":1765659721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-21773-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["21773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-21773-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"43400"}}