{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T02:12:18Z","timestamp":1787969538935,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004629","name":"Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u2018Disaster Resilient Rural Aotearoa\u2019 programme (GNS-RNC045)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u2018Disaster Resilient Rural Aotearoa\u2019 programme (GNS-RNC045)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004629","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017557","name":"QuakeCoRE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017557","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22101-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T10:03:59Z","timestamp":1761818639000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Minutes matter for life safety and risk exposure in Milford Sound, New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"M. J.","family":"Darling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. R.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Orchiston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"22101_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2012.01920.x","volume":"33","author":"S Zahran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zahran, S., Tavani, D. & Weiler, S. Daily variation in natural disaster casualties: Information flows, safety, and opportunity costs in tornado versus hurricane strikes. Risk Anal. 33, 1265\u20131280 (2013).","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"22101_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9455-1_4","volume":"29","author":"C Scawthorn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scawthorn, C. Disaster casualties\u2014Accounting for economic impacts and diurnal variation. Hum. Casualties Earthquakes Progress Model. Mitigation. 29, 51\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-90-481-9455-1_4 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum. Casualties Earthquakes Progress Model. Mitigation."},{"key":"22101_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-008-9331-6","volume":"50","author":"WM Dlamini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dlamini, W. M. Lightning fatalities in Swaziland: 2000\u20132007. Nat. Hazards 50, 179\u2013191 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"22101_CR4","unstructured":"Scawthorn, C., Lemura, H. & Yamada, Y. World large destructive earthquakes since 1900. J. Soc. Civil Eng. (1978)."},{"key":"22101_CR5","first-page":"5989","volume":"10","author":"AW Coburn","year":"1992","unstructured":"Coburn, A. W., Spence, R. J. & Pomonis, A. Factors determining human casualty levels in earthquakes: Mortality prediction in building collapse. Proc. Tenth World Conf. Earthquake Eng. 10, 5989\u20135994 (1992).","journal-title":"Proc. Tenth World Conf. Earthquake Eng."},{"key":"22101_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/8755293019878190","volume":"36","author":"S Abeling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abeling, S. et al. Patterns of earthquake-related mortality at a whole-country level: New Zealand, 1840\u20132017. Earthq. Spectra 36, 138\u2013163 (2020).","journal-title":"Earthq. Spectra"},{"key":"22101_CR7","unstructured":"Cousins, W. J. Earthquake Damage and Casualties Due to Large Earthquakes Impacting Wellington Region - GNS Science Consultancy Report 2013\/41. https:\/\/www.gns.cri.nz\/static\/pubs\/2013\/SR%202013-041.pdf (2013)."},{"key":"22101_CR8","first-page":"53","volume":"38","author":"DJ Dowrick","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dowrick, D. J. & Rhoades, D. A. Risk of casualties in New Zealand earthquakes. Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthq. Eng. 38, 53\u201372 (2005).","journal-title":"Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"22101_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-013-0603-4","volume":"68","author":"S Freire","year":"2013","unstructured":"Freire, S., Aubrecht, C., Wegscheider, S., Freire, S. & Aubrecht, C. Advancing tsunami risk assessment by improving spatio-temporal population exposure and evacuation modeling. Nat. Hazards 68, 1311\u20131324 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"22101_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-016-0077-6","volume":"7","author":"L Guadagno","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guadagno, L. Human Mobility in the sendai framework for disaster risk reduction. Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci. 7, 30\u201340 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci."},{"key":"22101_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-012-0508-7","volume":"68","author":"S Fuchs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fuchs, S., Keiler, M., Sokratov, S. & Shnyparkov, A. Spatiotemporal dynamics: The need for an innovative approach in mountain hazard risk management. Nat. Hazards 68, 1217\u20131241 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"22101_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.07.006","volume":"72","author":"MW Traunmueller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Traunmueller, M. W., Johnson, N., Malik, A. & Kontokosta, C. E. Digital footprints: Using WiFi probe and locational data to analyze human mobility trajectories in cities. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 72, 4\u201312 (2018).","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"22101_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2017.01.011","volume":"64","author":"CE Kontokosta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kontokosta, C. E. & Johnson, N. Urban phenology: Toward a real-time census of the city using Wi-Fi data. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 64, 144\u2013153 (2017).","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"22101_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2019.1587616","volume":"34","author":"B Soundararaj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soundararaj, B., Cheshire, J. & Longley, P. Estimating real-time high-street footfall from Wi-Fi probe requests. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 34, 325\u2013343 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"22101_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1080\/19427867.2022.2079173","volume":"15","author":"L Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan, L., Si-Rui, N., Yue, G., Cai-Hua, Z. & Duo, L. Detection and analysis of transfer time in urban rail transit system using WIFI data. Transport. Lett. 15, 634\u2013644 (2023).","journal-title":"Transport. Lett."},{"key":"22101_CR16","unstructured":"Vuletich, S. & Becken, S. The Tourism Flows Model: Summary Document. https:\/\/www.mbie.govt.nz\/assets\/f8aaf14eda\/tourism-flows-model-summary.pdf (2007)."},{"key":"22101_CR17","unstructured":"Gerstenberger, M. et al. New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model 2022 Revision: Model, Hazard and Process Overview. (2022)."},{"key":"22101_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/00288306.2018.1455716","volume":"61","author":"C Orchiston","year":"2018","unstructured":"Orchiston, C. et al. Project AF8: Developing a coordinated, multi-agency response plan for a future great Alpine Fault earthquake. NZJ. Geol. Geophys. 61, 389\u2013402 (2018).","journal-title":"NZJ. Geol. Geophys."},{"key":"22101_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, T. R. & Davies, T. R. H. Review article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (M w = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand. Natural Hazard and Earth System Science 13, 2279\u20132299 (2013).","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-2279-2013"},{"key":"22101_CR20","unstructured":"Dykstra, J. L. The Post-LGM Evolution of Milford Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand: Timing of Ice Retreat, The Role of Mass Wasting & Implications for Hazards. (University of Canterbury, 2012)."},{"key":"22101_CR21","unstructured":"Taig, T. & McSaveney, M. J. Milford Sound Risk from Landslide Generated Tsunami. (2015)."},{"key":"22101_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2024.104847","volume":"113","author":"OL Harris","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harris, O. L., Robinson, T. R. & Wilson, T. M. Agent-based modelling of evacuation scenarios for a landslide-generated tsunami in Milford Sound, New Zealand. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduction 113, 104847 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"key":"22101_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-021-00721-4","volume":"14","author":"JD Howarth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Howarth, J. D. et al. Spatiotemporal clustering of great earthquakes on a transform fault controlled by geometry. Nat. Geosci. 14, 314\u2013320 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"22101_CR24","unstructured":"Stantec NZ Limited. Milford Opportunities Project: Hazards and Visitor Risk Review Report. (2021)."},{"key":"22101_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-022-00675-3","volume":"10","author":"M Ribeiro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ribeiro, M., Teixeira, D., Barbosa, P. & Nunes, N. J. Using passive Wi-Fi for community crowd sensing during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Big Data 10, 7 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Big Data"},{"key":"22101_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.03.011","volume":"75\u201376","author":"F Potort\u00ec","year":"2018","unstructured":"Potort\u00ec, F., Crivello, A., Girolami, M., Barsocchi, P. & Traficante, E. Localising crowds through Wi-Fi probes. Ad Hoc Netw. 75\u201376, 87\u201397 (2018).","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"22101_CR27","first-page":"835","volume":"11","author":"A Berenguer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berenguer, A. et al. Crowd Monitoring in smart destinations based on GDPR-Ready opportunistic RF scanning and classification of WiFi Devices to identify and classify visitors\u2019 origins. Electronics (Basel) 11, 835 (2022).","journal-title":"Electronics (Basel)"},{"key":"22101_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2021.3139756","volume":"16","author":"J Determe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Determe, J., Azzagnuni, S., Singh, U., Horlin, F. & De Doncker, P. Monitoring large crowds with WiFi: A privacy-preserving approach. IEEE Syst. J. 16, 1\u201312 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"22101_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1051\/sbuild\/2017005","volume":"2","author":"MM Ouf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ouf, M. M., Issa, M. H., Azzouz, A. & Sadick, A.-M. Effectiveness of using WiFi technologies to detect and predict building occupancy. Sustain. Buildings 2, 7 (2017).","journal-title":"Sustain. Buildings"},{"key":"22101_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8679","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228679","volume":"22","author":"F Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, F., Ahriz, I. & Denby, B. Statistical approach to estimating audience from MAC-randomized WiFi Probe requests. Sensors 22, 8679 (2022).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"22101_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98579","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2925406","volume":"7","author":"L Oliveira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oliveira, L., Schneider, D., De Souza, J. & Shen, W. Mobile Device detection through WiFi probe request analysis. IEEE Access 7, 98579\u201398588 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"22101_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Freudiger, J. How talkative is your mobile device? in Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Security & Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks 1\u20136 (ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2766498.2766517.","DOI":"10.1145\/2766498.2766517"},{"key":"22101_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2966","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2018.2880028","volume":"13","author":"K Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, K. et al. An Experimental study for tracking crowd in smart cities. IEEE Syst J 13, 2966\u20132977 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Syst J"},{"key":"22101_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/1356766705050840","volume":"11","author":"S Becken","year":"2005","unstructured":"Becken, S. The role of tourist icons for sustainable tourism. J. Vacat. Mark. 11, 21\u201330 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Vacat. Mark."},{"key":"22101_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wisner, B., Gaillard, J. & Kelman, I. Framing Disaster. in Handbook of Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction (Routledge, 2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203844236.ch3.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203844236.ch3"},{"key":"22101_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-021-05086-w","volume":"111","author":"LM Watson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Watson, L. M., Carpenter, B., Thompson, K. & Johnson, J. B. Using local infrasound arrays to detect plunging snow avalanches along the Milford Road, New Zealand (Aotearoa). Nat. Hazards 111, 949\u2013972 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"22101_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-22-2857-2022","volume":"22","author":"J Le\u00f3n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n, J., Gubler, A. & Ogueda, A. Modelling geographical and built-environment attributes as predictors of human vulnerability during tsunami evacuations: A multi-case-study and paths to improvement. Nat. Hazard. 22, 2857\u20132878 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard."},{"key":"22101_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, O. L. Agent-based modelling of evacuation scenarios for a landslide-generated tsunami in Milford Sound. (University of Canterbury, 2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2024.104847"},{"key":"22101_CR39","unstructured":"Williams, J. H. Implementing RiskScape 2.0 for Tsunami Impact Assessment: A Case Study of Canterbury Aotearoa New Zealand. (2023)."},{"key":"22101_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.11525","volume":"31","author":"R Pitblado","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pitblado, R. et al. International comparison on the application of societal risk criteria. Process Saf. Prog. 31, 363\u2013368 (2012).","journal-title":"Process Saf. Prog."},{"key":"22101_CR41","unstructured":"UK Health and Safety Executive. Reducing Risks, Protecting People, R2p2. (2001)."},{"key":"22101_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s12371-022-00691-y","volume":"14","author":"P Erfurt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Erfurt, P. Volcano Tourism and visitor safety: Still playing with fire? A 10-year update. Geoheritage 14, 56 (2022).","journal-title":"Geoheritage"},{"key":"22101_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2025.105325","volume":"119","author":"T Davies","year":"2025","unstructured":"Davies, T. & Dykstra, J. Societal risk-to-life from natural hazards: Assessments, acceptability and actions at Whakaari\/White Island and Piopiotahi\/Milford Sound, Aotearoa\/New Zealand. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduction 119, 105325 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"key":"22101_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-020-01547-8","volume":"18","author":"A Strouth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Strouth, A. & McDougall, S. Societal risk evaluation for landslides: Historical synthesis and proposed tools. Landslides 18, 1071\u20131085 (2021).","journal-title":"Landslides"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22101-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22101-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22101-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T10:04:01Z","timestamp":1761818641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22101-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["22101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-22101-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"T.M.W is also seconded to the New Zealand National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) as their Chief Science Advisor (CSA).  As part of his NEMA Conflict of Interest management plan, he is not privy to nor involved in any discussions, meetings, documents or communiques relating to this specific topic in his NEMA CSA role.\u00a0If it does arise, T.M.W immediately declares a conflict and a Manager or above is either present or made aware. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"36459"}}