{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T23:06:05Z","timestamp":1782169565132,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    By quantitatively assessing the exposure of female sex workers to violence in Piau\u00ed, Brazil, this study aimed to identify associated risk factors and contribute evidence-based public health strategies and human rights policies, advancing health and gender equality. This was a quantitative, observational, analytical, cross-sectional study. A structured questionnaire was administered to 218 female sex workers, aged 19 to 57 years (mean age\u2009=\u200931.76\u2009\u00b1\u20098.33 years), who were actively working in the state of Piau\u00ed, Brazil. The questionnaire addressed demographic characteristics, work-related practices, and exposure to psychological, physical, and sexual violence. Odds ratios (ORs) for the association between variables and the exposure to violence were calculated. Most participants had incomplete higher education (54.2%), self-identified as Black (42.7%), were single (77.4%), heterosexual (89.8%), and mothers (71.2%). Approximately 50% of participants reported being exposed to some form of violence, with physical violence being the most prevalent (75.7%), followed by psychological (43.0%) and sexual violence (12.2%). The odds of exposure to violence were inversely associated with educational attainment (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.026) and were significantly related to marital status (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.031), having children (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and being pregnant (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001). These findings demonstrate the vulnerability of female sex workers to violence in the State of Piau\u00ed, Brazil, and the need for tailored public policies that could also benefit society as a whole, such as promotion to scholar education and sexual health awareness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22139-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T08:33:24Z","timestamp":1762158804000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Violence against female sex workers in the state of Piau\u00ed, Brazil \u2013 a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2108-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afonso Ribeiro","family":"Alves-filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8511-4645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Angelakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Turkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1417-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ademir","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"22139_CR1","unstructured":"United Nations. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development [Internet]. New York: United Nations. (2015). Available from: https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/2030agenda"},{"issue":"2","key":"22139_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801219832117","volume":"26","author":"B Beaujolais","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beaujolais, B. et al. Client-perpetrated violence toward female sex workers in Kathmandu. Violence against Women. 26 (2), 249\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801219832117 (2020).","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"issue":"6","key":"22139_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20240180","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2024-0180","volume":"77","author":"MO Costa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Costa, M. O. et al. Narratives of sex workers: intimate partner violence and coping strategies. Revista Brasileira De Enfermagem. 77 (6), e20240180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0034-7167-2024-0180 (2024).","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira De Enfermagem"},{"issue":"5","key":"22139_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301909","volume":"104","author":"KN Deering","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deering, K. N. et al. A systematic review of the correlates of violence against sex workers. Am. J. Public Health. 104 (5), e42\u2013e54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301909 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"22139_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-019-0187-5","volume":"19","author":"E Evens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evens, E. et al. Experiences of gender-based violence among female sex workers, men who have sex with men, and transgender women in Latin America and the caribbean: A qualitative study to inform HIV programming. BMC Int. Health Hum. 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Educ. 23 (4), 455\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eje.12452 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"22139_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-021-00351-9","volume":"38","author":"CT Nascimento","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nascimento, C. T. et al. Domestic violence against women detected and managed in dental practice: A systematic review. J. Family Violence. 38 (1), 149\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-021-00351-9 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Family Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"22139_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022682","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2022.0682.R1.180723","volume":"142","author":"CT Nascimento","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nascimento, C. T. et al. Knowledge and attitudes of rural healthcare providers regarding domestic violence against women: A systematic review. S\u00e3o Paulo Med. 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Women\u2019s Health Issues. 31 (6), 516\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2021.08.001 (2021).","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Issues"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22139-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22139-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22139-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T08:33:27Z","timestamp":1762158807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22139-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["22139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-22139-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The outlined investigation protocol received approval from the Institutional Committee of Ethics in Human Research (protocol number 79616524.9.0000.5374).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The study was carried out following the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki (Finland).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"All participants were informed about the objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the study. Participation was entirely voluntary, and informed consent was obtained in writing from each participant prior to their involvement. Anonymity and confidentiality were guaranteed, and participants had the right to withdraw at any time.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"38292"}}