{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:21:03Z","timestamp":1780572063718,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Visual motor imagery (VMI) is an important component of motor imagery, with potential applications in brain-computer interfaces and motor rehabilitation due to its lower training cost compared to kinesthetic motor imagery (KMI). However, the neural mechanisms underlying VMI, particularly the effects of imagery hand and imagery perspective (first-person perspective, 1pp, vs. third-person perspective, 3pp) remain unclear. This study examines the effective connectivity of VMI EEG using multi-scale symbolic transfer entropy. Time-frequency analysis revealed prominent event-related synchronization (ERS) in the alpha and high-beta bands, while connectivity analysis emphasized strong information flow within the parieto-occipital network. Notably, hand effect dominant information flows were found between the motor and posterior parietal-occipital regions, while perspective suggested a more remarkable effect. 1pp imagery significantly enhanced top-down modulation of the occipital cortex, whereas 3pp imagery engaged the right posterior parietal region, suggesting stronger spatial localization processing. These findings provide novel insights into the distinct neural mechanisms of VMI and its potential applications in cognitive neuroscience and brain-machine engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22143-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T12:37:37Z","timestamp":1761914257000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Discovery of EEG effective connectivity during visual motor imagery with multi-scale symbolic transfer entropy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Haobo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiji","family":"Iramina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"22143_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00034026","volume":"17","author":"M Jeannerod","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jeannerod, M. The representing brain: Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. Behav. Brain Sci. 17, 187\u2013202 (1994).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"22143_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh086","volume":"14","author":"A Solodkin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Solodkin, A., Hlustik, P., Chen, E. E. & Small, S. L. Fine modulation in network activation during motor execution and motor imagery. Cereb. Cortex 14, 1246\u20131255 (2004).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"22143_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20658","volume":"30","author":"A Guillot","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guillot, A. et al. Brain activity during visual versus kinesthetic imagery: an fmri study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 2157\u20132172 (2009).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"22143_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.06.009","volume":"1646","author":"M Kilintari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kilintari, M., Narayana, S., Babajani-Feremi, A., Rezaie, R. & Papanicolaou, A. C. Brain activation profiles during kinesthetic and visual imagery: An fmri study. Brain Res. 1646, 249\u2013261 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"22143_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.10.064","volume":"636","author":"N Mizuguchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mizuguchi, N., Nakamura, M. & Kanosue, K. Task-dependent engagements of the primary visual cortex during kinesthetic and visual motor imagery. Neurosci. Lett. 636, 108\u2013112 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"22143_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1693-1","volume":"194","author":"B Lorey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lorey, B. et al. The embodied nature of motor imagery: the influence of posture and perspective. Exp. Brain Res. 194, 233\u2013243 (2009).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"22143_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.04.005","volume":"97","author":"D Jiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang, D., Edwards, M. G., Mullins, P. & Callow, N. The neural substrates for the different modalities of movement imagery. Brain Cogn. 97, 22\u201331 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"22143_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49254-2","volume":"9","author":"WH Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, W. H. et al. Target-oriented motor imagery for grasping action: different characteristics of brain activation between kinesthetic and visual imagery. Sci. Rep. 9, 12770 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"22143_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.08.014","volume":"25","author":"C Neuper","year":"2005","unstructured":"Neuper, C., Scherer, R., Reiner, M. & Pfurtscheller, G. Imagery of motor actions: Differential effects of kinesthetic and visual-motor mode of imagery in single-trial eeg. Cogn. Brain Res. 25, 668\u2013677 (2005).","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"22143_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92467-7","volume":"11","author":"D Zapa\u0142a","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zapa\u0142a, D., Iwanowicz, P., Francuz, P. & Augustynowicz, P. Handedness effects on motor imagery during kinesthetic and visual-motor conditions. Sci. Rep. 11, 13112 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"22143_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82241-0","volume":"11","author":"YJ Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, Y. J., Jeon, E. J., Kim, J. S. & Chung, C. K. Characterization of kinesthetic motor imagery compared with visual motor imageries. Sci. Rep. 11, 3751 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"22143_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.08.071","volume":"54","author":"Q Gao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gao, Q., Duan, X. & Chen, H. Evaluation of effective connectivity of motor areas during motor imagery and execution using conditional granger causality. Neuroimage 54, 1280\u20131288 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"22143_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.12.005","volume":"261","author":"L Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, L. et al. Motor execution and motor imagery: a comparison of functional connectivity patterns based on graph theory. Neuroscience 261, 184\u2013194 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"22143_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.06.006","volume":"8","author":"S Bajaj","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bajaj, S., Butler, A. J., Drake, D. & Dhamala, M. Brain effective connectivity during motor-imagery and execution following stroke and rehabilitation. NeuroImage: Clin. 8, 572\u2013582 (2015).","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin."},{"key":"22143_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118794","volume":"247","author":"T Ogawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ogawa, T., Shimobayashi, H., Hirayama, J.-I. & Kawanabe, M. Asymmetric directed functional connectivity within the frontoparietal motor network during motor imagery and execution. Neuroimage 247, 118794 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"22143_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0078-y","volume":"168","author":"CM Stinear","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stinear, C. M., Byblow, W. D., Steyvers, M., Levin, O. & Swinnen, S. P. Kinesthetic, but not visual, motor imagery modulates corticomotor excitability. Exp. Brain Res. 168, 157\u2013164 (2006).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"22143_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00295","volume":"12","author":"H Toriyama","year":"2018","unstructured":"Toriyama, H., Ushiba, J. & Ushiyama, J. Subjective vividness of kinesthetic motor imagery is associated with the similarity in magnitude of sensorimotor event-related desynchronization between motor execution and motor imagery. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 12, 295 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"22143_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.30.2.200","volume":"30","author":"R Roberts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roberts, R., Callow, N., Hardy, L., Markland, D. & Bringer, J. Movement imagery ability: development and assessment of a revised version of the vividness of movement imagery questionnaire. Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 30, 200\u2013221 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"22143_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyvarinen, A. Fast ica for noisy data using gaussian moments. In 1999 IEEE international symposium on circuits and systems (ISCAS), vol. 5, 57\u201361 (IEEE, 1999).","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.1999.777510"},{"key":"22143_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(89)90041-X","volume":"16","author":"G Pfurtscheller","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pfurtscheller, G., Neuper, C. & Mohl, W. Event-related desynchronization (erd) during visual processing. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 16, 147\u2013153 (1994).","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"22143_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.89.068102","volume":"89","author":"M Costa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Costa, M., Goldberger, A. L. & Peng, C.-K. Multiscale entropy analysis of complex physiologic time series. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 068102 (2002).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"22143_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takens, F. Detecting strange attractors in turbulence. In Dynamical Systems and Turbulence, Warwick 1980: proceedings of a symposium held at the University of Warwick 1979\/80, 366\u2013381 (Springer, 2006).","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0091924"},{"key":"22143_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.06.011","volume":"116","author":"CJ Stam","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stam, C. J. Nonlinear dynamical analysis of eeg and meg: review of an emerging field. Clin. Neurophysiol. 116, 2266\u20132301 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"22143_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2017.04.181","volume":"484","author":"W Yao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yao, W. & Wang, J. Multi-scale symbolic transfer entropy analysis of eeg. Phys. A: Stat. Mech. Appl. 484, 276\u2013281 (2017).","journal-title":"Phys. A: Stat. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"22143_CR25","unstructured":"Albano, A. & Rapp, P. On the reliability of dynamical measures of eeg signals. In The 2nd Annual Conference on Nonlinear Dynamics Analysis of the EEG, World Scientific, Singapore, 117\u2013139 (1993)."},{"key":"22143_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.174102","volume":"88","author":"C Bandt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bandt, C. & Pompe, B. Permutation entropy: a natural complexity measure for time series. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 174102 (2002).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"22143_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.158101","volume":"100","author":"M Staniek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Staniek, M. & Lehnertz, K. Symbolic transfer entropy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 158101 (2008).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"22143_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-010-0262-3","volume":"30","author":"R Vicente","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vicente, R., Wibral, M., Lindner, M. & Pipa, G. Transfer entropy\u2014a model-free measure of effective connectivity for the neurosciences. J. Comput. Neurosci. 30, 45\u201367 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"22143_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fallani, F. D. V. et al. A graph-theoretical approach in brain functional networks. possible implications in eeg studies. In Nonlinear biomedical physics 4, 1\u201313 (Springer, 2010).","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-4631-4-S1-S8"},{"key":"22143_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2006.03.005","volume":"16","author":"JC Culham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Culham, J. C. & Valyear, K. F. Human parietal cortex in action. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 16, 205\u2013212 (2006).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"22143_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa5417","volume":"348","author":"T Aflalo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aflalo, T. et al. Decoding motor imagery from the posterior parietal cortex of a tetraplegic human. Science 348, 906\u2013910 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"22143_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116981","volume":"218","author":"S Monaco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monaco, S., Malfatti, G., Culham, J. C., Cattaneo, L. & Turella, L. Decoding motor imagery and action planning in the early visual cortex: overlapping but distinct neural mechanisms. Neuroimage 218, 116981 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"22143_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igasaki, T., Takemoto, J. & Sakamoto, K. Relationship between kinesthetic\/visual motor imagery difficulty and event-related desynchronization\/synchronization. In 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 1911\u20131914 (IEEE, 2018).","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8512673"},{"key":"22143_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-022-01771-y","volume":"88","author":"B Kr\u00fcger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger, B., Hegele, M. & Rieger, M. The multisensory nature of human action imagery. Psychol. Res. 88, 1870\u20131882 (2024).","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"22143_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46310-9","volume":"9","author":"P Chholak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chholak, P. et al. Visual and kinesthetic modes affect motor imagery classification in untrained subjects. Sci. Rep. 9, 9838 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"22143_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillot, A., Di Rienzo, F. & Collet, C. The neurofunctional architecture of motor imagery. Advanced brain neuroimaging topics in health and disease-methods and applications 433\u2013456 (2014).","DOI":"10.5772\/58270"},{"key":"22143_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2000-1344","volume":"60","author":"A Wr\u00f3bel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wr\u00f3bel, A. Beta activity: a carrier for visual attention. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 60, 247\u2013260 (2000).","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp."},{"key":"22143_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.08.003","volume":"19","author":"J Pearson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pearson, J., Naselaris, T., Holmes, E. A. & Kosslyn, S. M. Mental imagery: functional mechanisms and clinical applications. Trends Cogn. Sci. 19, 590\u2013602 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"22143_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.05.081","volume":"100","author":"D Dentico","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dentico, D. et al. Reversal of cortical information flow during visual imagery as compared to visual perception. Neuroimage 100, 237\u2013243 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"22143_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.11.026","volume":"31","author":"PL Jackson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jackson, P. L., Meltzoff, A. N. & Decety, J. Neural circuits involved in imitation and perspective-taking. Neuroimage 31, 429\u2013439 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"22143_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.02.004","volume":"23","author":"N Dijkstra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dijkstra, N., Bosch, S. E. & van Gerven, M. A. Shared neural mechanisms of visual perception and imagery. Trends Cogn. Sci. 23, 423\u2013434 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"22143_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2012.00038","volume":"6","author":"S Shomstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shomstein, S. Cognitive functions of the posterior parietal cortex: top-down and bottom-up attentional control. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 6, 38 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"22143_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.11.003","volume":"44","author":"JC Culham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Culham, J. C., Cavina-Pratesi, C. & Singhal, A. The role of parietal cortex in visuomotor control: what have we learned from neuroimaging?. Neuropsychologia 44, 2668\u20132684 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"22143_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn350","volume":"132","author":"P Malhotra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malhotra, P., Coulthard, E. J. & Husain, M. Role of right posterior parietal cortex in maintaining attention to spatial locations over time. Brain 132, 645\u2013660 (2009).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"22143_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6938","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51283-z","volume":"15","author":"A Sengupta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sengupta, A., Banerjee, S., Ganesh, S., Grover, S. & Sridharan, D. The right posterior parietal cortex mediates spatial reorienting of attentional choice bias. Nat. Commun. 15, 6938 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"22143_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.023","volume":"74","author":"F Duecker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duecker, F. & Sack, A. T. The hybrid model of attentional control: New insights into hemispheric asymmetries inferred from tms research. Neuropsychologia 74, 21\u201329 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"22143_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2024.149261","volume":"1846","author":"H Su","year":"2025","unstructured":"Su, H. et al. Analysis of brain network differences in the active, motor imagery, and passive stoke rehabilitation paradigms based on the task-state eeg. Brain Res. 1846, 149261 (2025).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"22143_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26295","volume":"44","author":"T Kida","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kida, T., Tanaka, E., Kakigi, R. & Inui, K. Brain-wide network analysis of resting-state neuromagnetic data. Hum. Brain Mapp. 44, 3519\u20133540 (2023).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"22143_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00325","volume":"10","author":"CM Michel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Michel, C. M. & Brunet, D. Eeg source imaging: a practical review of the analysis steps. Front. Neurol. 10, 325 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"22143_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wibral, M. et al. Measuring information-transfer delays. PloS one 8, e55809 (2013).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055809"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22143-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22143-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22143-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T14:03:13Z","timestamp":1761919393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22143-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["22143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-22143-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"38200"}}