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Here, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were biosynthesized using the aqueous extract of\n                    <jats:italic>Rosmarinus officinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. via a sustainable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective green approach. Characterization by UV\u2013Vis, FT-IR, EDX, XRD, TEM, SEM, TGA, DLS, and zeta potential confirmed the formation of well-dispersed, spherical, crystalline nanoparticles with an average size of 60.5 nm, uniform morphology, and high thermal stability. The Ag-NPs displayed concentration-dependent multifunctional activities. Antibacterial assays revealed strong effects against both standard and MDR strains, including\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (inhibition zones: 11.7\u201329.7 mm). Potent antioxidant activity was observed with an EC\u2085\u2080 of 7.81\u00a0\u00b5g mL\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , close to ascorbic acid (3.27\u00a0\u00b5g mL\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Antidiabetic activity reached 85.5% (\u03b1-amylase) and 82.6% (\u03b1-glucosidase) inhibition at 1000\u00a0\u00b5g mL\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , comparable to acarbose (97.5% and 96.3%). Moreover, Ag-NPs showed selective cytotoxicity against MDA and PANC-1 cells (IC\u2085\u2080: 177.2 and 115.3\u00a0\u00b5g mL\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), with lower toxicity toward Vero and Wi38 normal cells (IC\u2085\u2080: 233 and 207\u00a0\u00b5g mL\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). These findings highlight the promise of\n                    <jats:italic>R. officinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013mediated Ag-NPs as multifunctional nanomaterials for biomedical applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22154-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T09:41:20Z","timestamp":1761558080000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles: multifaceted antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nabila G.","family":"Elmehalawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud M. 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