{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:48:31Z","timestamp":1792543711181,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hatay Mustafa Kemal University","award":["BAP 22.YL.016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAP 22.YL.016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22180-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:01:12Z","timestamp":1762160472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular characterization of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Escherichia coli in two different wastewater treatment plants in Hatay Province, T\u00fcrkiye"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"B\u00fc\u015fra G\u00fclay Celil","family":"\u00d6zaslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cemil","family":"K\u00fcrekci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"22180_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8952","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65635-4","volume":"10","author":"J Alexander","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alexander, J., Hembach, N. & Schwartz, T. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance dissemination by wastewater treatment plant effluents with different catchment areas in Germany. Sci. Rep. 10, 8952 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"22180_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4194","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2021.2000828","volume":"52","author":"I Vaz-Moreira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vaz-Moreira, I. et al. Antibiotic resistance in wastewater, does the context matter? Poland and Portugal as a case study. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52, 4194\u20134216 (2022).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"22180_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140997","volume":"744","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, J., Chu, L., Wojn\u00e1rovits, L. & Tak\u00e1cs, E. Occurrence and fate of antibiotics, antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in municipal wastewater treatment plant: An overview. Sci. Total Environ. 744, 140997 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"22180_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127407","volume":"424","author":"A Mi\u0142obedzka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mi\u0142obedzka, A. et al. Monitoring antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater environments: The challenges of filling a gap in the One-Health cycle. J. Hazard. Mater. 424, 127407 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"22180_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117402","volume":"285","author":"M Zhuang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhuang, M. et al. Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. Environ. Pollut. 285, 117402 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"22180_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu190","volume":"58","author":"C Br\u00e9chet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Br\u00e9chet, C. et al. Wastewater treatment plants release large amounts of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing Escherichia coli into the environment. Clin. Infect. Dis. 58, 1658\u20131665 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"22180_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00663-21","volume":"65","author":"S Rangama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rangama, S. et al. Mechanisms involved in the active secretion of CTX-M-15 \u03b2-lactamase by pathogenic Escherichia coli ST131. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 65, 10\u20131128 (2021).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"22180_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112788","volume":"226","author":"DH Grevskott","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grevskott, D. H., Ghavidel, F. Z., Svanevik, C. S. & Marathe, N. P. Resistance profiles and diversity of \u03b2-lactamases in Escherichia coli strains isolated from city-scale sewage surveillance in Bergen, Norway mimic clinical prevalence. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 226, 112788 (2021).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"22180_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2165\/11533040-000000000-00000","volume":"70","author":"JD Pitout","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pitout, J. D. Infections with extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: Changing epidemiology and drug treatment choices. Drugs 70, 313\u2013333 (2010).","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"22180_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109831","volume":"377","author":"S Sahin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sahin, S., Mogulkoc, M. N. & K\u00fcrekci, C. Disinfectant and heavy metal resistance profiles in extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli isolates from chicken meat samples. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 377, 109831 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"22180_CR11","unstructured":"CDC. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, GA, U.S: Atlanta. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019)."},{"key":"22180_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa210","volume":"72","author":"M Bonten","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonten, M. et al. Epidemiology of Escherichia coli bacteremia: a systematic literature review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 72, 1211\u20131219 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"22180_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2017.257","volume":"15","author":"C K\u00fcrekci","year":"2017","unstructured":"K\u00fcrekci, C., Ayd\u0131n, M., Yipel, M., Katouli, M. & G\u00fcndo\u011fdu, A. Characterization of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in Asi (Orontes) River in Turkey. J. Water Health. 15, 788\u2013798 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Water Health."},{"key":"22180_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2017.63.9.15","volume":"63","author":"A Gundogdu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gundogdu, A., Kilic, H., Kurekci, C. & Alp, E. Insufficient decontamination in sewage treatment plants induce the risk of artificial selection of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing Escherichia coli. Cell. Mol. Biol. 63, 80\u201386 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"22180_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.-H., Park, H.-D. Chapter five\u2013Advanced biological wastewater treatment. in Curr Dev Biotechnol Bioeng (ed. Kumar, S., Kumar, Rakesh., Pandey, Ashok, P.) pp. 107\u2013123, (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821009-3.00002-6"},{"key":"22180_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1998.00445.x","volume":"27","author":"J Chen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chen, J. & Griffiths, M. W. PCR differentiation of Escherichia coli from other Gram negative bacteria using primers derived from the nucleotide sequences flanking the gene encoding the universal stress protein. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 27, 369\u2013371 (1998).","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"22180_CR17","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 30th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2020)."},{"key":"22180_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12019","volume":"5","author":"O Clermont","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clermont, O., Christenson, J. K., Denamur, E. & Gordon, D. M. The Clermont Escherichia coli phylo-typing method revisited: improvement of specificity and detection of new phylo groups. Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 5, 58\u201365 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"22180_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6686","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01054-07","volume":"73","author":"AM Ahmed","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahmed, A. M. et al. Zoo animals as reservoirs of gram-negative bacteria harboring integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 6686\u20136690 (2007).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"22180_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2008.0821","volume":"14","author":"LM Cavaco","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cavaco, L. M. et al. Prevalence of quinolone resistance mechanisms and associations to minimum inhibitory concentrations in quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from humans and swine in Denmark. Microb. Drug Resist. 14, 163\u2013169 (2008).","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"22180_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku197","volume":"69","author":"L Zou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zou, L. et al. Presence of disinfectant resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from retail meats in the USA. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 69, 2644\u20132649 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"22180_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2017.01.023","volume":"88","author":"D Deus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deus, D. et al. Comparative analysis of the susceptibility to biocides and heavy metals of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates of human and avian origin. Germany. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 88, 88\u201392 (2017).","journal-title":"Germany. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"22180_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-0702-4","volume":"9","author":"AA Adegoke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adegoke, A. A., Madu, C. E., Aiyegoro, O. A., Stenstr\u00f6m, T. A. & Okoh, A. I. Antibiogram and beta-lactamase genes among cefotaxime resistant E. coli from wastewater treatment plant. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control. 9, 1\u201312 (2020).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control."},{"key":"22180_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008373","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008373","volume":"14","author":"RT Hernandes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hernandes, R. T. et al. Comparative genomic analysis provides insight into the phylogeny and virulence of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains from Brazil. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 14, e0008373 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"22180_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00025","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00025-23","volume":"8","author":"N Raffelsberger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Raffelsberger, N. et al. Community carriage of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: A cross-sectional study of risk factors and comparative genomics of carriage and clinical isolates. mSphere. 8, e00025-e123 (2023).","journal-title":"mSphere."},{"key":"22180_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020202","volume":"11","author":"H Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie, H., Ogura, Y. & Suzuki, Y. Persistence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli strains belonging to the B2 phylogroup in municipal wastewater under aerobic conditions. Antibiotics. 11, 202 (2022).","journal-title":"Antibiotics."},{"key":"22180_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.02.005","volume":"11","author":"O Clermont","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clermont, O. et al. Animal and human pathogenic Escherichia coli strains share common genetic backgrounds. Infect. Genet. Evol. 11, 654\u2013662 (2011).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"22180_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.05.073","volume":"245","author":"AM Aristiz\u00e1bal-Hoyos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aristiz\u00e1bal-Hoyos, A. M., Rodr\u00edguez, E. A., Arias, L. & Jim\u00e9nez, J. N. High clonal diversity of multidrug-resistant and extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in a wastewater treatment plant. J. Environ. Manag. 245, 37\u201347 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"22180_CR29","first-page":"100129","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y. G., Yang, D. & Zhao, Y. Insight into the removal of tetracycline-resistant bacteria and resistance genes from mariculture wastewater by ultraviolet\/persulfate advanced oxidation process. J. Hazard. Mater. Adv. 7, 100129 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"22180_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01850.x","volume":"14","author":"R Cant\u00f3n","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cant\u00f3n, R. et al. Prevalence and spread of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14, 144\u2013153 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"22180_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq472","volume":"66","author":"HN Dhanji","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dhanji, H. N. et al. Isolation of fluoroquinolone-resistant O25b:H4-ST131 Escherichia coli with CTX-M-14 extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase from UK river water. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66, 512\u2013516 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"22180_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku079","volume":"69","author":"GC Amos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amos, G. C., Hawkey, P. M., Gaze, W. H. & Wellington, E. M. Waste water effluent contributes to the dissemination of CTX-M-15 in the natural environment. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 69, 1785\u20131791 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"22180_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.03.007","volume":"171","author":"H Blaak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blaak, H. et al. Prevalence and characteristics of ESBL-producing E. coli in Dutch recreational waters influenced by wastewater treatment plants. Vet. Microbiol. 171, 448\u2013459 (2014).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"22180_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2021.03.014","volume":"27","author":"JO Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, J. O. et al. Predominance and clonal spread of CTX-M-15 in cefotaxime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Korea and their association with plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants. J. Infect. Chemother. 27, 1186\u20131192 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"22180_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228079","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228079","volume":"15","author":"M Surleac","year":"2020","unstructured":"Surleac, M. et al. Whole genome sequencing snapshot of multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains from hospitals and receiving wastewater treatment plants in Southern Romania. PLoS ONE 15, e0228079 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"22180_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111377","volume":"205","author":"S Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, S., Lu, W. & Qasim, M. Z. High-throughput characterization of the expressed antibiotic resistance genes in sewage sludge with transcriptional analysis. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 205, 111377 (2020).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"22180_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2015.0061","volume":"22","author":"A Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, A. et al. Antibiotic and disinfectant resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from retail meats in Sichuan. China. Microb. Drug Resist. 22, 80\u201387 (2016).","journal-title":"China. Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"22180_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030651","volume":"9","author":"A Roedel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roedel, A. et al. Genetic but no phenotypic associations between biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from German broiler fattening farms. Microorganisms. 9, 651 (2021).","journal-title":"Microorganisms."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22180-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22180-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22180-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T21:03:21Z","timestamp":1762549401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22180-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["22180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-22180-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"38352"}}