{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T13:36:50Z","timestamp":1794490610473,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22233-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:09:10Z","timestamp":1762160950000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The impact of social exclusion on malevolent creativity among Chinese university students: the roles of empathy, moral disengagement, and teacher support"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linxia","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"22233_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038499","volume":"9","author":"DJ Harris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harris, D. J. & Reiter-Palmon, R. Fast and furious: the influence of implicit aggression, premeditation, and provoking situations on malevolent creativity. Psychol. Aesthet. Creativity Arts. 9 (1), 54\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0038499 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychol. Aesthet. Creativity Arts"},{"issue":"2","key":"22233_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/10400410802059424","volume":"20","author":"DH Cropley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cropley, D. H., Kaufman, J. C. & Cropley, A. J. Malevolent creativity: A functional model of creativity in terrorism and crime. Creativity Res. J. 20 (2), 105\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10400410802059424 (2008).","journal-title":"Creativity Res. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"22233_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2014.961775","volume":"27","author":"H Kapoor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kapoor, H. The creative side of the dark triad. Creativity Res. J. 27 (1), 58\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10400419.2014.961775 (2015).","journal-title":"Creativity Res. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"22233_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2011.571179","volume":"23","author":"SA Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee, S. A. & Dow, G. T. Malevolent creativity: does personality influence malicious divergent thinking? Creativity Res. J. 23 (2), 73\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10400419.2011.571179 (2011).","journal-title":"Creativity Res. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"22233_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032139","volume":"7","author":"DJ Harris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harris, D. J., Reiter-Palmon, R. & Kaufman, J. C. The effect of emotional intelligence and task type on malevolent creativity. Psychol. Aesthet. Creativity Arts. 7 (3), 237\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0032139 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychol. Aesthet. Creativity Arts"},{"key":"22233_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2023.101329","volume":"49","author":"ZF Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi, Z. F. et al. What causes malevolent creative people to engage in malevolent behaviors? Mediating role of moral disengagement and moderating effects of conscience. Think. Skills Creativity. 49, 101329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsc.2023.101329 (2023).","journal-title":"Think. Skills Creativity"},{"key":"22233_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110431","volume":"170","author":"XB Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, X. B., Zhao, J. W., Xia, M. Y. & Pang, W. G. I can, but I won\u2019t: authentic people generate more malevolently creative ideas, but are less likely to implement them in daily life. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 170, 110431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110431 (2021).","journal-title":"Pers. Indiv. Differ."},{"key":"22233_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2024.101586","volume":"53","author":"WY Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, W. Y., Liang, Q. Y., Qiao, X. N. & Hao, N. Unfairness brings malice: malevolent creativity is modulated by perceived unfairness of others. Think. Skills Creativity. 53, 101586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsc.2024.101586 (2024).","journal-title":"Think. Skills Creativity"},{"key":"22233_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malik, O. F., Shahzad, A., Waheed, A. & Yousaf, Z. Abusive supervision as a trigger of malevolent creativity: do the light triad traits matter? Leadership and organization development journal. ;41(8):1119\u20131137. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/LODJ-09-2019-0386","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-09-2019-0386"},{"issue":"11","key":"22233_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167219838551","volume":"45","author":"M Baas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baas, M., Roskes, M., Koch, S., Cheng, Y. J. & De Dreu, C. K. W. Why social threat motivates malevolent creativity. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 45 (11), 1590\u20131602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167219838551 (2019).","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"22233_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326934crj1203_6","volume":"12","author":"K James","year":"1999","unstructured":"James, K., Clark, K. & Cropanzano, R. Positive and negative creativity in groups, institutions, and organizations: A model and theoretical extension. Creativity Res. J. 12 (3), 211\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15326934crj1203_6 (1999).","journal-title":"Creativity Res. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"22233_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/jocb.155","volume":"52","author":"MB Gutworth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gutworth, M. B., Cushenbery, L. & Hunter, S. T. Creativity for deliberate harm: malevolent creativity and social information processing theory. J. Creative Behav. 52 (4), 305\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jocb.155 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Creative Behav."},{"key":"22233_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641","volume":"58","author":"KD Williams","year":"2007","unstructured":"Williams, K. D. & Ostracism Ann. Rev. Psychol. ;58:425\u2013452. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641. (2007).","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"22233_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12173","DOI":"10.1111\/jabr.12173","volume":"24","author":"S Timeo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Timeo, S., Riva, P. & Paladino, M. P. Learning to Cope with everyday instances of social exclusion: A review of emotional and cognitive strategies for children and adolescents. J. Appl. Biobehavioral Res. 24 (4), e12173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jabr.12173 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biobehavioral Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"22233_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000500","volume":"18","author":"CM Perchtold-Stefan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Perchtold-Stefan, C. M., Fink, A., Rominger, C. & Papousek, I. Social exclusion increases antisocial tendencies: evidence from retaliatory ideation in a malevolent creativity task. Psychol. Aesthet. Creativity Arts. 18 (6), 1014\u20131025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/aca0000500 (2024).","journal-title":"Psychol. Aesthet. Creativity Arts"},{"issue":"3","key":"22233_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2021.2012633","volume":"34","author":"CM Perchtold-Stefan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perchtold-Stefan, C. M., Fink, A., Rominger, C. & Papousek, I. Antisocial schizotypy is linked to malevolent creativity. Creativity Res. J. 34 (3), 355\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10400419.2021.2012633 (2022).","journal-title":"Creativity Res. J."},{"key":"22233_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01213","volume":"11","author":"CM Perchtold-Stefan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perchtold-Stefan, C. M., Fink, A., Rominger, C. & Papousek, I. Motivational factors in the typical display of humor and creative potential: the case of malevolent creativity. Front. Psychol. 11, 1213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01213 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"22233_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2007.09.004","volume":"44","author":"RM Chow","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chow, R. M., Tiedens, L. Z. & Govan, C. L. Excluded emotions: the role of anger in antisocial responses to ostracism. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 44 (3), 896\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2007.09.004 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"20","key":"22233_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16203813","volume":"16","author":"M Lim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lim, M. Social exclusion, surveillance use, and Facebook addiction: the moderating role of narcissistic grandiosity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 16 (20), 3813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16203813 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"22233_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-021-00506-1","volume":"20","author":"G Arslan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arslan, G. & Cokun, M. Social exclusion, self-forgiveness, mindfulness, and internet addiction in college students: A moderated mediation approach. Int. J. Mental Health Addict. 20 (4), 2165\u20132179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-021-00506-1 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mental Health Addict."},{"key":"22233_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0831-5","volume":"15","author":"A Hajek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hajek, A. & K\u00f6nig, H. H. Self-efficacy moderates the relationship between health comparisons and social exclusion: results of the German ageing survey. Health Qual. Life Outcomes. 15, 252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-017-0831-5 (2017).","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"8","key":"22233_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082933","volume":"17","author":"J He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He, J., He, L., Zhou, W., Nie, X. & He, M. Discrimination and social exclusion in the outbreak of COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 17 (8), 2933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17082933 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"22233_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.13074","volume":"41","author":"N Paine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paine, N., Rachele, J. N. & Turrell, G. Sociodemographic characteristics and social exclusion among the oldest old. Australas. J. Ageing. 41 (4), 563\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajag.13074 (2022).","journal-title":"Australas. J. Ageing"},{"key":"22233_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111027","volume":"18","author":"H Luo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luo, H., Chen, J., Li, S., Nie, Y. & Wang, G. Social exclusion and impulsive buying among Chinese college students: the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of risk preference. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 18, 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182111027 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"22233_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567060","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1567060","volume":"16","author":"H Guan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guan, H. et al. Effect of emotional intelligence on problematic social media use among Chinese college students: mediating role of social exclusion and experiential avoidance. Front. Psychiatry. 16, 1567060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1567060 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"22233_CR26","first-page":"1105","volume":"7","author":"H Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu, H., Sun, L. & Zhang, Z. Social exclusion type of college students. China J. Health Psychol. (In Chinese). 7, 1105\u20131108 (2013).","journal-title":"China J. Health Psychol. (In Chinese)"},{"key":"22233_CR27","unstructured":"Bandura, A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory (Pearson Education, 1985). 169 p."},{"key":"22233_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davis, M. H. Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 44 (1), 113\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0022-3514.44.1.113 (1983).","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.44.1.113"},{"issue":"2","key":"22233_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/0305724022014322","volume":"31","author":"A Bandura","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bandura, A. Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. J. Moral. Educ. 31 (2), 101\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0305724022014322 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Moral. Educ."},{"issue":"3","key":"22233_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-013-0205-2","volume":"29","author":"K Ko\u0161ir","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ko\u0161ir, K. & Tement, S. Teacher\u2013student relationship and academic achievement: A cross-lagged longitudinal study on three different age groups. Eur. J. Psychol. Educ. 29 (3), 409\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10212-013-0205-2 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"22233_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1031(03)00064-7","volume":"40","author":"KE Buckley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buckley, K. E., Winkel, R. E. & Leary, M. R. Reactions to acceptance and rejection:effects of level and sequence of relational evaluation. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 40 (1), 14\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-1031(03)00064-7 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"22233_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-01074-1","volume":"270","author":"MA Reinhard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reinhard, M. A. et al. The vicious circle of social exclusion and psychopathology: A systematic review of experimental ostracism research in psychiatric disorders. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. NeuroSci. 270 (3), 521\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-019-01074-1 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. NeuroSci."},{"key":"22233_CR33","unstructured":"Li, J., Xu, B., Yuan, H. & Yin, X. The Relationship between Social Exclusion and Malevolent Creativity of College Students: the Chain Mediating Effect of Coping Styles and Aggressiveness5667\u2013674 (Psychological Development and Education, 2024). (In Chinese)."},{"issue":"3","key":"22233_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1177\/09593543221074326","volume":"32","author":"H Kapoor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kapoor, H. & Kaufman, J. C. The evil within: the AMORAL model of dark creativity. Theory Psychol. 32 (3), 467\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09593543221074326 (2022).","journal-title":"Theory Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"22233_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/jocb.28","volume":"47","author":"P Gill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gill, P., Horgan, J., Hunter, S. T. & Cushenbery, L. D. Malevolent creativity in terrorist organizations. J. Creative Behav. 47 (2), 125\u2013151 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Creative Behav."},{"issue":"5","key":"22233_CR36","first-page":"964","volume":"17","author":"C Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu, C., Wang, Y., Yu, G. & Wang, Y. Related theories and exploration on dynamic model of empathy. Adv. Psychol. Sci. (In Chinese). 17 (5), 964\u2013972 (2009).","journal-title":"Adv. Psychol. Sci. (In Chinese)"},{"issue":"1","key":"22233_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.91.1.1","volume":"91","author":"CN DeWall","year":"2006","unstructured":"DeWall, C. N. & Baumeister, R. F. Alone but feeling no pain: effects of social exclusion on physical pain tolerance and pain threshold, affective forecasting, and interpersonal empathy. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 91 (1), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.91.1.1 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"22233_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.1.56","volume":"92","author":"JM Twenge","year":"2007","unstructured":"Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Dewall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J. & Bartels, J. M. Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 92 (1), 56\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.92.1.56 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"22233_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2019.103912","volume":"87","author":"J Israelashvili","year":"2020","unstructured":"Israelashvili, J., Sauter, D. A. & Fischer, A. H. Different faces of empathy: feelings of similarity disrupt recognition of negative emotions. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 87, 103912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2019.103912 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"22233_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.87.3.327","volume":"87","author":"N Epley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Epley, N., Keysar, B., Van Boven, L. & Gilovich, T. Perspective taking as egocentric anchoring and adjustment. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 87 (3), 327\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.87.3.327 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"22233_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000126","volume":"115","author":"Y Erbas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Erbas, Y. et al. Why I don\u2019t always know what i\u2019m feeling: the role of stress in within-person fluctuations in emotion differentiation. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 115 (2), 179\u2013191 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"22233_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102186","volume":"98","author":"MB Ritchie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ritchie, M. B., Neufeld, R. W. J., Yoon, M., Li, A. & Mitchell, D. G. V. Predicting youth aggression with empathy and callous unemotional traits: A meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 98 (1), 102186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102186 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"22233_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2014.01456","volume":"22","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., Zhang, Z., Song, P. & Yang, B. Callous unemotional trait: A personality disposition vulnerable to violent crimes. Adv. Psychol. Sci. (In Chinese). 22 (9), 1456\u20131466 (2014).","journal-title":"Adv. Psychol. Sci. (In Chinese)"},{"key":"22233_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108164","volume":"167","author":"Z Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao, Z., Cheng, L., Li, J., Chen, Q. & Hao, N. The dark side of creativity: neural correlates of malevolent creative Idea generation. Neuropsychologia 167, 108164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108164 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"22233_CR45","first-page":"1257","volume":"28","author":"M Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, M., Xiao, D. & Peng, T. Research on bystander behavior related to bullying attitude,empathy and life satisfaction in school. China J. Health Psychol. (In Chinese). 28 (8), 1257\u20131263 (2020).","journal-title":"China J. Health Psychol. (In Chinese)"},{"issue":"9","key":"22233_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-019-01067-2","volume":"48","author":"KC Runions","year":"2019","unstructured":"Runions, K. C., Shaw, T., Bussey, K., Thornberg, R. & Cross, D. S. Moral disengagement of pure bullies and bully\/victims: shared and distinct mechanisms. J. Youth Adolesc. 48 (9), 1835\u20131848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-019-01067-2 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"issue":"5","key":"22233_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-018-9457-7","volume":"21","author":"R Thornberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thornberg, R. & Wanstrom, L. Bullying and its associationwith altruism toward victims, blaming the victims, and classroom prevalence of bystander behaviors: A multilevel analysis. Social Psychologyof Educ. 21 (5), 1133\u20131151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11218-018-9457-7 (2018).","journal-title":"Social Psychologyof Educ."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"22233_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520948142","volume":"37","author":"S Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang, S. et al. Why the victims of bullying are more likely to avoid involvement when witnessing bullying situations: the role of bullying sensitivity and moral disengagement. J. interpers. Violence. 37 (5\u20136), 3062\u20133083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520948142 (2022).","journal-title":"J. interpers. Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"22233_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-010-0680-1","volume":"100","author":"M Clayboum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clayboum, M. Relationships between moral disengagement, work characteristics and workplace harassment. J. Bus. Ethics. 100 (2), 283\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-010-0680-1 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"issue":"6","key":"22233_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.16128\/j.cnki.1005-3611.2019.06.034","volume":"27","author":"X Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun, X. et al. Normative beliefs about aggression on bullying: the mediating effect of the moral disengagement. Chin. J. Clin. Psychol. (Chinese). 27 (6), 1246\u20131250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16128\/j.cnki.1005-3611.2019.06.034 (2019).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol. (Chinese)"},{"issue":"3","key":"22233_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2307\/3033557","volume":"41","author":"RB Felson","year":"1978","unstructured":"Felson, R. B. Aggression as impression management. Social Psychol. 41 (3), 205\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3033557 (1978).","journal-title":"Social Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"22233_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.93.2.374","volume":"93","author":"JR Detert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Detert, J. R., Trevin, L. K. & Sweitzer, V. L. Moral disengagement in ethical decision making: A study of antecedents and outcomes. J. Appl. Psychol. 93 (2), 374\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.93.2.374 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"22233_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000348","volume":"35","author":"Z Teng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teng, Z., Bear, G. G., Yang, C., Nie, Q. & Guo, C. Moral disengagement and bullying perpetration: A longitudinal study of the moderating effect of school climate. School Psychol. 35 (1), 99\u2013109 (2020).","journal-title":"School Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"22233_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.24.1.20","volume":"24","author":"E Lawrence","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lawrence, E., Yoon, J., Langer, A. & Ro, E. Is psychological aggression as detrimental as physical aggression? The independent effects of psychological aggression on depression and anxiety symptoms. Violence Vict. 24 (1), 20\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.24.1.20 (2009).","journal-title":"Violence Vict."},{"issue":"3","key":"22233_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-017-3683-3","volume":"157","author":"X Zheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zheng, X., Qin, X., Liu, X. & Liao, H. Will creative employees always make trouble? Investigating the roles of moral identity and moral disengagement. J. Bus. Ethics. 157 (3), 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-017-3683-3 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"issue":"12","key":"22233_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2012.02079","volume":"20","author":"X Zhao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Xiang, Z. & Fu, H. Perspective-taking: Concept, manipulation, and its impact on intergroup relations. Adv. Psychol. Sci. 20 (12), 2079\u20132088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2012.02079 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"22233_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-011-9168-9","volume":"15","author":"CM Kokkinos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kokkinos, C. M. & Kipritsi, E. The relationship between bullying, victimization, trait emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and empathy among preadolescents. Soc. Psychol. Educ. 15 (1), 41\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11218-011-9168-9 (2018).","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"22233_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.13110\/merrpalmquar1982.61.1.0010","volume":"61","author":"K Bussey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bussey, K., Quinn, C. & Dobson, J. The moderating role of empathic concern and perspective taking on the relationship between moral disengagement and aggression. Merrill-Palmer Q. 61 (1), 10\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13110\/merrpalmquar1982.61.1.0010 (2015).","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Q."},{"issue":"4","key":"22233_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-013-1896-7","volume":"124","author":"RMMI Chowdhury","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chowdhury, R. M. M. I. & Fernando, M. The relationships of empathy, moral identity and cynicism with consumers\u2019 ethical beliefs: the mediating role of moral disengagement. J. Bus. Ethics. 124 (4), 677\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10551-013-1896-7 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"22233_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M. & Parker, J. G. in Peer interactions, relationships, and Groups. (eds Damon, W., Lerner, R. M. & Eisenberg, N.) (Wiley, 2006). p. 571-645.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470147658.chpsy0310"},{"issue":"5","key":"22233_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016441","volume":"135","author":"ML Hatzenbuehler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hatzenbuehler, M. L. How does sexual minority stigma get under the skin? A psychological mediation framework. Psychol. Bull. 135 (5), 707\u2013730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0016441 (2009).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"22233_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2011.10.005","volume":"50","author":"G Sakiz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sakiz, G., Pape, S. J. & Hoy, A. W. Does perceived teacher affective support matter for middle school students in mathematics classrooms? J. Sch. Psychol. 50 (2), 235\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsp.2011.10.005 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Sch. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"22233_CR63","first-page":"511","volume":"11","author":"X Chai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chai, X. & Gong, S. The development of questionnaire on perceived mathematics teacher support for middle school students. Stud. Psychol. Behav. (In Chinese). 11 (4), 511\u2013517 (2013).","journal-title":"Stud. Psychol. Behav. (In Chinese)"},{"issue":"2","key":"22233_CR64","first-page":"332","volume":"24","author":"Y Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, Y. & Guo, S. Effect of perception of teachers\u2019 supporting behavior on academic achievement in middle school youths: A mediated moderation effect. Chin. J. Clin. Psychol. (In Chinese). 24 (2), 332\u2013337 (2016).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol. (In Chinese)"},{"key":"22233_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-03265-9","volume":"24","author":"J Fan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fan, J., Zhang, L., Li, N. & Man, S. How the perceived substitution of AI technology hinders nurses\u2019 innovation behavior: the mediating role of AI anxiety and human-AI Cooperation intention and the moderating role of organizational AI readiness. BMC Nurs. 24, 832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-025-03265-9 (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"22233_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, Z. W., Fan, J. P., Xing, Y. G., Peng, G. & Zhang, X. X. The impact of work-family conflict on Chinese women\u2019s fertility intention: The role of fertility attitude, income class, and child-rearing burden. BMC Womens Health. 24 (1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03401-8 (2024).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03401-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"22233_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92352-7","volume":"15","author":"Y Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng, Y., Zhao, L., Xia, Y. & Dai, L. Unveiling the dual impacts of the aesthetic deficiency of foods on consumers\u2019 purchase intentions. Sci. Rep. 15 (1), 11218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-92352-7 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"22233_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-011-9231-8","volume":"27","author":"J Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang, J., Curran, P. G., Keeney, J., Poposki, E. M. & Deshon, R. P. Detecting and deterring insufficient effort responding to surveys. J. Bus. Psychol. 27 (1), 99\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10869-011-9231-8 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Bus. Psychol."},{"key":"22233_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.04.059","volume":"99","author":"G Niu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Niu, G., Sun, X., Tian, Y., Fan, C. & Zhou, Z. Resilience moderates the relationship between ostracism and depression among Chinese adolescents. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 99, 77\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2016.04.059 (2016).","journal-title":"Pers. Indiv. Differ."},{"issue":"5","key":"22233_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430217712052","volume":"20","author":"JF Dovidio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dovidio, J. F., Love, A., Schellhaas, F. M. H. & Hewstone, M. Reducing intergroup bias through intergroup contact: Twenty years of progress and future directions. Group. Processes Intergroup Relations. 20 (5), 606\u2013620 (2017).","journal-title":"Group. Processes Intergroup Relations"},{"issue":"1","key":"22233_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2011.01237.x","volume":"65","author":"C Moore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moore, C., Detert, J. R., Trevi\u00f1o, L. K., Baker, V. L. & Mayer, D. M. Why employees do bad things: moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior. Pers. Psychol. 65 (1), 1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2011.01237.x (2012).","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"22233_CR72","first-page":"209","volume":"19","author":"F Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, F. et al. The effects of teacher support and peer support on psychological crisis in Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of perceived discrimination. Stud. Psychol. Behav. (In Chinese). 19 (2), 209\u2013215 (2021).","journal-title":"Stud. Psychol. Behav. (In Chinese)"},{"key":"22233_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00682","volume":"7","author":"N Hao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hao, N., Tang, M. Y., Yang, J., Wang, Q. F. & Runco, M. A. A new tool to measure malevolent creativity: the malevolent creativity behavior scale. Front. Psychol. 7, 682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00682 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"22233_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","volume":"88","author":"PM Podsakoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y. & Podsakoff, N. P. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J. Appl. Psychol. 88 (5), 879\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"issue":"8","key":"22233_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e623","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13080623","volume":"13","author":"X Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, X. et al. Differences in aggressive behavior of individuals with different self-construal types after social exclusion in the same cultural background. Behav. Sci. 13 (8), e623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs13080623 (2023).","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."},{"key":"22233_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2025.101837","volume":"57","author":"J Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu, J., Ma, F., Liu, J. & Jiao, L. The effects of different types of social exclusion on malevolent creativity: the role of self-construal. Think. Skills Creativity. 57, 101837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsc.2025.101837 (2025).","journal-title":"Think. Skills Creativity"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22233-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22233-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22233-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T21:02:54Z","timestamp":1762549374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22233-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["22233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-22233-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The research was ascertained to be in complete accordance with ethical tenets and national regulations in China. All research undertakings involving human subjects underwent a comprehensive review and were officially sanctioned by the Ethics Committee of the College of Textile and Fashion at Hunan Institute of Engineering (Approval No.: EA-2025-016). Furthermore, informed consent was properly acquired from each and every participant involved in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"38368"}}