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Diving disruption likely involves a physiological response, which remains poorly understood. Beaked whales may exceed their aerobic dive limit during long-duration deep-foraging dives and later in those dives, during ascent, initiate a unique strong gait (B-strokes), hypothesized to recruit anaerobic fast-twitch fibres. We compared the use of B-strokes during exposed and unexposed dives in four species of beaked whales. Contrasting the highly context-specific use of B-strokes during ascents from deep-dives in baseline conditions, during sonar exposure, B-strokes were used during descent and ascent phases of both deep and shallow dives. B-stroke onset occurred during all sonar exposure periods with levels above 100\u00a0dB re 1\u00a0\u00b5Pa that lasted more than three minutes. The use of B-strokes during descent indicates these animals start using an oxygen-saving strategy earlier in exposed (16\u2009\u00b1\u200913\u00a0min) vs. unexposed dives (33\u2009\u00b1\u200914\u00a0min). This change in swimming gait when exposed to an external threat likely evolved to enable flexible escape responses from predators. However, if prolonged, such responses could lead to physiological changes that contribute to gas bubble formation and growth that could lead to animals stranding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22490-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T12:48:33Z","timestamp":1762346913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Naval sonar induces an anaerobic swimming gait in beaked whales"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2984-8606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. 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This study was carried out in strict accordance with the US Animal Welfare Act following the relevant recommendations of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. The experimental research was approved by the WHOI and BMMRO Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees and the Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of the University of St Andrews. SOCALBRS-project.\n                      Baird\u2019s and goose\u2019s beaked whales tagged in Southern California\n                      Bight. Experiments were performed under NMFS permit no. 14534 and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary permit no. 2010-003 (B. Southall, principal investigator for both). 3S-Project.\n                      Northern bottlenose whales tagged in Jan Mayen.\n                      The research reported here adhered to local guidelines and ethical approval and licences were obtained. The research protocol was approved by the University of St Andrews Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u2019s Animal Care and Use Committee. The animal experiments reported here were carried out under permits issued by the Norwegian Animal Research Authority (permit no. S2011\/38782 and 2015\/23222) and Icelandic Ministry of Fisheries, in compliance with ethical use of animals in experimentation. Blainville\u2019s beaked whale baseline data collected in the Canary Islands. Research was conducted under US NMFS permits 981-1578-02 and 981-1707-00 and a permit from the government of the Canary Islands. This research was approved by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Blainville\u2019s beaked whale baseline data collected around around The Bahamas. The research was conducted under a Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Permit (permit #12A) issued to the Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organisation (BMMRO) by the Government of The Bahamas under authorization of the Bahamas Marine Mammal Protection Act (2005). The approaches used were approved by the US Department of the Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (BUMED) Veterinary Affairs Office and BMMRO\u2019s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). DTAG deployments made between 2015 and 2017, received additional approval from the Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of the University of St Andrews. Goose beaked whale baseline data collected in the Azores. Fieldwork was conducted under scientific permits issued by the Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Regional dos Assuntos do Mar, Secretaria Regional do Mar, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (Regional Directorate for Science and Technology). Goose beaked whale baseline data collected in the Ligurian Sea. This research was approved by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Goose beaked whale baseline data collected in the Southern California Bight. This research was authorized and conducted under US National Marine Fisheries Service permit 14534; Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary permit 2010-004; US Department of Defense Bureau of Medicine and Surgery authorization; a federal consistency determination by the California Coastal Commission; and numerous institutional animal care and use committee authorizations. Northen bottlenose whale baseline data collected around Jan Mayen and Iceland waters. The research reported here adhered to local guidelines and ethical approval and licences were obtained. The research protocol was approved by the University of St Andrews Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u2019s Animal Care and Use Committee. The animal experiments reported here were carried out under permits issued by the Norwegian Animal Research Authority (permit no. S2011\/38782 and 2015\/23222) and Icelandic Ministry of Fisheries, in compliance with ethical use of animals in experimentation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"38686"}}