{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:28:16Z","timestamp":1790011696620,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22746-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T13:37:57Z","timestamp":1762436277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating the influence of diverse treatments on the autofluorescence properties of Bacillus subtilis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Kazem","family":"Momeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadegh","family":"Farhadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"22746_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14067","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules171214067","volume":"17","author":"GP Drummen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Drummen, G. P. & 1 Fluorescent probes and fluorescence (microscopy) techniques\u2014illuminating biological and biomedical research. Molecules 17, 14067\u201314090 (2012).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"22746_CR2","unstructured":"Lloyd, W. R., Chen, L. C. & Mycek, M. A. Fluorescence spectroscopy. In Optical Techniques Regenerative Medicine 171\u2013204 (2013)."},{"key":"22746_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00019-09","volume":"22","author":"MB Miller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miller, M. B. & Tang, Y. W. Basic concepts of microarrays and potential applications in clinical microbiology. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 22, 611\u2013633 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"22746_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, M. J. Rapid microbiological methods. Pharmaceutical Microbiological Quality Assurance and Control: Practical Guide for Non-Sterile Manufacturing 429\u2013458 (2019).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119356196.ch13"},{"key":"22746_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-2656(05)11007-2","volume":"11","author":"M Monici","year":"2005","unstructured":"Monici, M. Cell and tissue autofluorescence research and diagnostic applications. Biotechnol. Annual Rev. 11, 227\u2013256 (2005).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Annual Rev."},{"key":"22746_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Croce, A. C. & Bottiroli, G. Autofluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring metabolism in animal cells and tissues. In Histochemistry Single Molecules Vol. 1560, 15\u201343 (2017).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6788-9_2"},{"key":"22746_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics3020229","volume":"3","author":"F Stuker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stuker, F., Ripoll, J. & Rudin, M. Fluorescence molecular tomography: principles and potential for pharmaceutical research. Pharmaceutics 3, 229\u2013274 (2011).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"22746_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30623-2","volume":"8","author":"J Surre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Surre, J. et al. Strong increase in the autofluorescence of cells signals struggle for survival. Sci. Rep. 8, 1\u201314 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"22746_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1303\/aez.2009.281","volume":"44","author":"R Koga","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koga, R., Tsuchida, T. & Fukatsu, T. Quenching autofluorescence of insect tissues for in situ detection of endosymbionts. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 44, 281\u2013291 (2009).","journal-title":"Appl. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"22746_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02183-07","volume":"46","author":"S Patino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Patino, S. et al. Autofluorescence of mycobacteria as a tool for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46, 3296\u20133302 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"22746_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74111-8","volume":"85","author":"S Calsamiglia","year":"2002","unstructured":"Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A. & Devant, M. Effects of pH and pH fluctuations on microbial fermentation and nutrient flow from a dual-flow continuous culture system. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 574\u2013579 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"22746_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00393-13","volume":"195","author":"S Renggli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Renggli, S., Keck, W., Jenal, U. & Ritz, D. Role of autofluorescence in flow cytometric analysis of Escherichia coli treated with bactericidal antibiotics. J. Bacteriol. 195, 4067\u20134073 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"22746_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41221-1","volume":"9","author":"F Ou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ou, F., McGoverin, C., Swift, S. & Vanholsbeeck, F. Near real-time enumeration of live and dead bacteria using a fibre-based spectroscopic device. Sci. Rep. 9, 1\u201310 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"22746_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061179","volume":"10","author":"L M\u00fcllerov\u00e1","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00fcllerov\u00e1, L., Markov\u00e1, K., Obru\u010da, S. & Mravec, F. Use of flavin-related cellular autofluorescence to monitor processes in microbial biotechnology. Microorganisms 10, 1179 (2022).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"22746_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.3.547-555.1998","volume":"180","author":"ME Sharpe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sharpe, M. E., Hauser, P. M., Sharpe, R. G. & Errington, J. Bacillus subtilis cell cycle as studied by fluorescence microscopy: constancy of cell length at initiation of DNA replication and evidence for active nucleoid partitioning. J. Bacteriol. 180, 547\u2013555 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"22746_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.36.002818","volume":"36","author":"P Tuminello","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tuminello, P. et al. Optical properties of Bacillus subtilis spores from 0.2 to 2.5 \u00b5m. Appl. Opt. 36, 2818\u20132824 (1997).","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"22746_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00127","volume":"15","author":"T Si","year":"2016","unstructured":"Si, T. et al. Characterization of Bacillus subtilis colony biofilms via mass spectrometry and fluorescence imaging. J. Proteome Res. 15, 1955\u20131962 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"22746_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12828","volume":"66","author":"T Tominaga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tominaga, T., Fujioka, K., Hijikuro, M., Tada, T. & Nishikawa, Y. Mechanism of increased microbial autofluorescence by heat treatment. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 66, 118\u2013123 (2018).","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"22746_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.115196","volume":"326","author":"E Raeessi-babaheydari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raeessi-babaheydari, E., Farhadian, S. & Shareghi, B. The interaction of the green tea polyphenol (catechin) with pepsin: insights from spectroscopic to molecular dynamics studies. J. Mol. Liq. 326, 115196 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"22746_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volgenant, C. M., van der Veen, M. H., de Soet, J. J. & ten Cate J. M. Effect of metalloporphyrins on red autofluorescence from oral bacteria. European Journal of Oral Sciences 121, 156\u2013161 (2013).","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12045"},{"key":"22746_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3840","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.11.3840-3849.1993","volume":"59","author":"NB Ramsing","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ramsing, N. B., K\u00fchl, M. & J\u00f8rgensen, B. Distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria, O2, and H2S in photosynthetic biofilms determined by oligonucleotide probes and microelectrodes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 3840\u20133849 (1993).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"22746_CR22","first-page":"e16202","volume":"46","author":"A Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, A. et al. Luminescence and fahua-fermentation qualities of an autofluorescent microorganism from Fu brick tea. J. Food Process. Preserv. 46, e16202 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"22746_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30623-2","volume":"8","author":"J Surre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Surre, J. et al. Strong increase in the autofluorescence of cells signals struggle for survival. Sci. Rep. 8, 12088 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"22746_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okebiorun, M. et al. in. IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). 1\u20132 (IEEE). (2022).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOPS45751.2022.9812961"},{"key":"22746_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AN01909A","volume":"140","author":"Z Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo, Z. et al. Fluorescence chemosensors for hydrogen sulfide detection in biological systems. Analyst 140, 1772\u20131786 (2015).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"22746_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-59.11.1233","volume":"59","author":"BJ Juven","year":"1996","unstructured":"Juven, B. J. & Pierson, M. D. Antibacterial effects of hydrogen peroxide and methods for its detection and quantitation. J. Food. Prot. 59, 1233\u20131241 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Food. Prot."},{"key":"22746_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15972","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.9b02262","volume":"84","author":"M Atar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Atar, M. et al. Hydrogen peroxide sensors based on fluorescence quenching of the 2-aminobenzimidazole fluorophore. J. Org. Chem. 84, 15972\u201315977 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"22746_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9899","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9899","volume":"13","author":"Z Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Z. et al. Environmental stress promotes the persistence of facultative bacterial symbionts in amoebae. Ecol. Evol. 13, e9899 (2023).","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"22746_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ticer, T. D. et al. 30 Bacterial metabolites influence the autofluorescence of Clostridioides difficile. Frontiers in Microbiology 15, 1459795 (2024).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1459795"},{"key":"22746_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2014.10.001","volume":"107","author":"YP Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong, Y. P., Chua, K. H. & Thong, K. L. One-step species-specific high resolution melting analysis for nosocomial bacteria detection. J. Microbiol. Methods. 107, 133\u2013137 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"22746_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4811","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/13.13.4811","volume":"13","author":"F Aboul-Ela","year":"1985","unstructured":"Aboul-Ela, F., Koh, D., Tinoco Jr, I. & Martin, F. H. Base-base mismatches. Thermodynamics of double helix formation for dCA3XA3G\u2009+\u2009dCT3YT3G (X, Y\u2009=\u2009A, C, G, D. Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 4811\u20134824 (1985).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"22746_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13129","DOI":"10.1021\/ie200081k","volume":"50","author":"P Sarkar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sarkar, P. & Suraishkumar, G. pH and temperature stresses in bioreactor cultures: intracellular superoxide levels. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50, 13129\u201313136 (2011).","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"22746_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.5.1121","volume":"72","author":"AM Wesche","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wesche, A. M., Gurtler, J. B., Marks, B. P. & Ryser, E. T. Stress, sublethal injury, resuscitation, and virulence of bacterial foodborne pathogens. J. Food. Prot. 72, 1121\u20131138 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Food. Prot."},{"key":"22746_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2018.04.004","volume":"122","author":"V Y\u00e1nez-Mendiz\u00e1bal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Y\u00e1nez-Mendiz\u00e1bal, V. & Falcon\u00ed, C. E. Efficacy of Bacillus spp. To biocontrol of anthracnose and enhance plant growth on Andean lupin seeds by lipopeptide production. Biol. Control. 122, 67\u201375 (2018).","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"22746_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128459","volume":"257","author":"MA Mohammadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohammadi, M. A., Shareghi, B., Farhadian, S. & Uversky, V. N. Investigating the effect of pH on the interaction of Cypermethrin with human serum albumin: insights from spectroscopic and molecular dynamics simulation studies. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 257, 128459 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"22746_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.057","volume":"79","author":"M Ying","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ying, M. et al. Study on interaction between Curcumin and Pepsin by spectroscopic and Docking methods. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 79, 201\u2013208 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22746-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22746-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22746-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T13:37:59Z","timestamp":1762436279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22746-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["22746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-22746-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"38906"}}