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Several studies support the role of mosquito microbiota as a major driver of\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmission, although studies on wildlife malaria are typically neglected. Here, we used a 16S rRNA metabarcoding approach to assess whether the exposure to avian\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites affects the microbiota of their natural vector,\n                    <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Mosquitoes, captured in the field as larvae and grown in the laboratory, were allowed to feed on house sparrows (\n                    <jats:italic>Passer domesticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) naturally infected with\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium relictum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (lineage SGS1) and uninfected birds. We analyzed the microbiota composition of the abdomens of individual mosquitoes and found 2,006 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs).\n                    <jats:italic>Culex pipiens\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n                    microbiota was dominated by bacteria of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , followed by the genera\n                    <jats:italic>Stenotrophomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We observed no difference in alpha nor beta diversity between mosquitoes that fed on\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium-<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected birds (exposed mosquitoes) and those that fed on uninfected birds (unexposed mosquitoes). However, exposed mosquitoes had a higher relative abundance of bacteria of the family\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroidaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    than the unexposed mosquitoes. Excluding the intracellular endosymbiont\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    from the analyses, we obtained similar results, and also found a higher relative abundance of bacteria of the family\n                    <jats:italic>Rikenellaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in exposed mosquitoes. A pathway enrichment analysis based on KEGG annotations revealed that the bacterial community in exposed mosquitoes was enriched in pathways mainly related to biosynthesis and metabolism. Our results suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposed to avian\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    have slightly different microbiota composition, although further research is needed to establish the causality of these effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22774-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T13:40:08Z","timestamp":1762436408000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of avian Plasmodium exposure on the microbiota of Culex pipiens"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Garrig\u00f3s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olaya","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte R.","family":"Enkvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Moreno-Indias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Ruiz-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Figuerola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elin","family":"Videvall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"Mart\u00ednez-de la Puente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"22774_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2023: Tracking progress and gaps in the global response to malaria. In World Health Organization. (2023). https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme\/reports\/world-malaria-report-2023."},{"issue":"4","key":"22774_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2307\/1942550","volume":"56","author":"C van Riper","year":"1986","unstructured":"van Riper, C., van Riper, I. I. I., Goff, S. G., Laird, M. & M. L. & The epizootiology and ecological significance of malaria in Hawaiian land birds. Ecol. Monogr. 56(4), 327\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1942550 (1986).","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"issue":"6","key":"22774_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003365","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003365","volume":"9","author":"T Lef\u00e8vre","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lef\u00e8vre, T., Vantaux, A., Dabir\u00e9, K. R., Mouline, K. & Cohuet, A. Non-genetic determinants of mosquito competence for malaria parasites. 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