{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T07:19:13Z","timestamp":1775978353821,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01HD103736-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01HD103736-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In the extremely preterm period (ePTB; less than 28\u00a0weeks), non-Hispanic (NH) Black infants in the US show relatively\n                    <jats:italic>lower<\/jats:italic>\n                    risk of neonatal death than do NH white infants. Explanations for this survival advantage include higher levels of stillbirth among NH Black persons, which could leave behind hardier members of the conception cohort that survive to birth. We test this \u201chigh stillbirth\u201d explanation in the US and focus on NH Black singleton ePTB males given their large survival advantage. We applied time-series methods to 288 monthly conception cohorts (1995\u20132018 US fetal, birth, and neonatal death records) for NH Black and NH white singletons in the ePTB range (N\u2009=\u2009473,472). We specified positive monthly outliers in male relative to female NH Black stillbirths in the ePTB range to gauge high NH Black male stillbirths. NH Black male ePTB singleton infants show a stronger neonatal survival advantage (relative to NH whites) for cohorts with high NH Black male stillbirth (4.4 fewer deaths per 100 live births, standard error\u2009=\u20091.3, p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Cohort variation in fetal loss, as measured by high NH Black male stillbirth, may explain a portion of the counterintuitive racial\/ethnic patterns in live birth mortality among extremely preterm births.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22790-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T13:59:59Z","timestamp":1762437599000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Stillbirths and the race-specific gap in neonatal death among extremely preterm births"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tim A.","family":"Bruckner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Stolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Bustos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Gemmill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan A.","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hedwig","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph A.","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"22790_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.12.011","volume":"21","author":"HA Frey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Frey, H. A. & Klebanoff, M. A. The epidemiology, etiology, and costs of preterm birth. Semin. Fetal Neonatal. Med. 21, 68\u201373 (2016).","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"22790_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2022.105613","volume":"171","author":"C Siffel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siffel, C., Hirst, A. K., Sarda, S. P., Kuzniewicz, M. W. & Li, D.-K. The clinical burden of extremely preterm birth in a large medical records database in the United States: Mortality and survival associated with selected complications. Early Hum. Dev. 171, 105613 (2022).","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"22790_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e055924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-055924","volume":"376","author":"AS Morgan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morgan, A. S., Mendon\u00e7a, M., Thiele, N. & David, A. L. Management and outcomes of extreme preterm birth. BMJ 376, e055924 (2022).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"22790_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2816","volume":"124","author":"CSH Aarnoudse-Moens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aarnoudse-Moens, C. S. H., Weisglas-Kuperus, N., van Goudoever, J. B. & Oosterlaan, J. Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and\/or very low birth weight children. Pediatrics 124, 717\u2013728 (2009).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"22790_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9132-z","volume":"20","author":"IS Baron","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baron, I. S. & Rey-Casserly, C. Extremely preterm birth outcome: A review of four decades of cognitive research. Neuropsychol. Rev. 20, 430\u2013452 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"22790_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e206757","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.6757","volume":"3","author":"CP Travers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Travers, C. P. et al. Racial\/ethnic disparities among extremely preterm infants in the United States from 2002 to 2016. JAMA Netw. Open 3, e206757 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"22790_CR7","unstructured":"MacDorman, M. F. & Gregory, E. C. W. Fetal and Perinatal Mortality\u202f: United States, 2013. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/61389 (2013)."},{"key":"22790_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-018-0272-4","volume":"96","author":"BD Chambers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chambers, B. D., Baer, R. J., McLemore, M. R. & Jelliffe-Pawlowski, L. L. Using Index of concentration at the extremes as indicators of structural racism to evaluate the association with preterm birth and infant mortality\u2014California, 2011\u20132012. J. Urban Health 96, 159\u2013170 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"22790_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2013.846300","volume":"19","author":"DD Mendez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mendez, D. D., Hogan, V. K. & Culhane, J. F. Institutional racism, neighborhood factors, stress, and preterm birth. Ethn. Health 19, 479\u2013499 (2014).","journal-title":"Ethn. Health"},{"key":"22790_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2023-221750","volume":"78","author":"A Das","year":"2024","unstructured":"Das, A. et al. Dynamic changes in place-based measures of structural racism and preterm birth in the USA. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 78, 550\u2013555 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"22790_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","volume":"371","author":"RL Goldenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goldenberg, R. L., Culhane, J. F., Iams, J. D. & Romero, R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 371, 75\u201384 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"22790_CR12","first-page":"100330","volume":"14","author":"I Qattea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qattea, I. et al. Survival of infants born at periviable gestation: The US national database. Lancet Reg. Health Am. 14, 100330 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Am."},{"key":"22790_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1353\/hub.2004.0045","volume":"76","author":"TB Gage","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gage, T. B., Bauer, M. J., Heffner, N. & Stratton, H. Pediatric paradox: Heterogeneity in the birth cohort. Hum. Biol. 76, 327\u2013342 (2004).","journal-title":"Hum. Biol."},{"issue":"259","key":"22790_CR14","first-page":"e1","volume":"206","author":"R Loftin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Loftin, R., Chen, A., Evans, A. & DeFranco, E. Racial differences in gestational age\u2013specific neonatal morbidity: further evidence for different gestational lengths. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 206(259), e1-259.e6 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"22790_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-018-0172-x","volume":"5","author":"JM Snowden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Snowden, J. M., Bovbjerg, M. L., Dissanayake, M. & Basso, O. The curse of the perinatal epidemiologist: Inferring causation amidst selection. Curr. Epidemiol. Rep. 5, 379\u2013387 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"key":"22790_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195387902.001.0001","volume-title":"Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology","author":"GMB Louis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Louis, G. M. B. & Platt, R. W. Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology (Oxford University Press, 2011)."},{"key":"22790_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03852-z","volume":"21","author":"TA Bruckner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bruckner, T. A. et al. Stillbirth as left truncation for early neonatal death in California, 1989\u20132015: A time-series study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 21, 478 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"22790_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.05.010","volume":"5","author":"TA Bruckner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bruckner, T. A. & Catalano, R. Selection in utero and population health: Theory and typology of research. SSM Popul. Health 5, 101\u2013113 (2018).","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"22790_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-21-0053","volume":"30","author":"TA Bruckner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bruckner, T. A., Catalano, R., Das, A. & Lu, Y. Cohort selection in utero against male twins and childhood cancers: A population-based register study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 30, 1834\u20131840 (2021).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"22790_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregory, E. C. W., Valenzuela, C. P. & Hoyert, D. L. Fetal Mortality: United States, 2020. (2020).","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:109456"},{"key":"22790_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen, E. E. Racial\/Ethnic Disparities in Pregnancy-Related Deaths \u2014 United States, 2007\u20132016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 68, (2019).","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6835a3"},{"key":"22790_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, J. A. & Osterman, M. J. K. Exploring the Decline in the Singleton Preterm Birth Rate in the United States, 2019\u20132020. (2022).","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:112969"},{"key":"22790_CR23","unstructured":"Stillbirth Working Group of Council|NICHD\u2014Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. https:\/\/www.nichd.nih.gov\/about\/advisory\/council\/stillbirth-working-group-of-council (2024)."},{"key":"22790_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi081","volume":"34","author":"R Catalano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Catalano, R., Bruckner, T., Anderson, E. & Gould, J. B. Fetal death sex ratios: A test of the economic stress hypothesis. Int. J. Epidemiol. 34, 944\u2013948 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"22790_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-273","volume":"10","author":"TA Bruckner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bruckner, T. A., Catalano, R. & Ahern, J. Male fetal loss in the U.S. following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. BMC Public Health 10, 273 (2010).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"22790_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2009.01028.x","volume":"23","author":"R Catalano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Catalano, R., Ahern, J., Bruckner, T., Anderson, E. & Saxton, K. Gender-specific selection in utero among contemporary human birth cohorts. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 23, 273\u2013278 (2009).","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"22790_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2023.151873","volume":"48","author":"ECW Gregory","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gregory, E. C. W. & Barfield, W. D. U. S. stillbirth surveillance: The national fetal death file and other data sources. Semin. Perinatol. 48, 151873 (2024).","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"22790_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1053\/sper:2002.29834","volume":"26","author":"JA Martin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martin, J. A. & Hoyert, D. L. The national fetal death file. Semin. Perinatol. 26, 3\u201311 (2002).","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"22790_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"69","author":"DL Hoyert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoyert, D. L. & Gregory, E. C. W. Cause-of-death data from the fetal death file, 2015\u20132017. Natl. Vital. Stat. Rep. 69, 1\u201320 (2020).","journal-title":"Natl. Vital. Stat. Rep."},{"key":"22790_CR30","unstructured":"The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Extremely Preterm Birth. https:\/\/www.acog.org\/womens-health\/faqs\/extremely-preterm-birth (2022)."},{"key":"22790_CR31","volume-title":"Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control San Francisco","author":"GE Box","year":"1976","unstructured":"Box, G. E. & Jenkins, G. M. Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control San Francisco (Holden-Day, 1976)."},{"key":"22790_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1988.10488367","volume":"30","author":"I Chang","year":"1988","unstructured":"Chang, I., Tiao, G. C. & Chen, C. Estimation of time series parameters in the presence of outliers. Technometrics 30, 193\u2013204 (1988).","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"22790_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81638-5","volume":"116","author":"A Wilcox","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wilcox, A. & Russell, I. Why small black infants have a lower mortality rate than small white infants: The case for population-specific standards for birth weight. J. Pediatr. 116, 7\u201310 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"22790_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31821266c5","volume":"22","author":"O Basso","year":"2011","unstructured":"Basso, O. & Wilcox, A. J. Might rare factors account for most of the mortality of preterm babies?. Epidemiology 22, 320 (2011).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"22790_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj275","volume":"164","author":"S Hern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edaz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edaz, S., Schisterman, E. & Hern\u00e1n, M. The birth weight \u2018Paradox\u2019 uncovered?. Am. J. Epidemiol. 164, 1115\u20131120 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"22790_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoae035","volume":"13","author":"R Catalano","year":"2025","unstructured":"Catalano, R. et al. Vanishing twins, selection in utero, and infant mortality in the United States. Evol. Med. Public Health 13, 5\u201313 (2025).","journal-title":"Evol. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"22790_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruckner, T. A. et al. Left Truncation in the Periviable Period and the Black Survival Advantage. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. n\/a, (2025).","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.70019"},{"key":"22790_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eado6691","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado6691","volume":"10","author":"R Catalano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Catalano, R. et al. Vanishing twins, spared cohorts, and the birthweight of periviable infants born to black and white women in the United States. Sci. Adv. 10, eado6691 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"22790_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu162","volume":"43","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2014","unstructured":"VanderWeele, T. J. Commentary: Resolutions of the birthweight paradox: Competing explanations and analytical insights. Int. J. Epidemiol. 43, 1368\u20131373 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"22790_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu011","volume":"43","author":"N Auger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Auger, N., Gilbert, N. L., Naimi, A. I. & Kaufman, J. S. Fetuses-at-risk, to avoid paradoxical associations at early gestational ages: Extension to preterm infant mortality. Int. J. Epidemiol. 43, 1154\u20131162 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"22790_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1","volume":"20","author":"EF Schisterman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schisterman, E. F., Cole, S. R. & Platt, R. W. Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiology 20, 488\u2013495 (2009).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"22790_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.0333","volume":"177","author":"B Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, B., Taylor, S., Shabanova, V. & Hawley, N. L. Birth-based vs fetuses-at-risk approaches for assessing neonatal mortality rate by race. JAMA Pediatr. 177, 633\u2013635 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"22790_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12490","volume":"61","author":"JL Alhusen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alhusen, J. L., Bower, K. M., Epstein, E. & Sharps, P. Racial discrimination and adverse birth outcomes: An integrative review. J. Midwifery Womens Health 61, 707\u2013720 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"22790_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","volume":"389","author":"ZD Bailey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bailey, Z. D. et al. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions. Lancet 389, 1453\u20131463 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"22790_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465231222924","volume":"65","author":"TH Brown","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brown, T. H. & Homan, P. Structural racism and health stratification: Connecting theory to measurement. J. Health Soc. Behav. 65, 141\u2013160 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"22790_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00159-X","volume":"42","author":"AT Geronimus","year":"1996","unstructured":"Geronimus, A. T. Black\/white differences in the relationship of maternal age to birthweight: A population-based test of the weathering hypothesis. Soc. Sci. Med. 42, 589\u2013597 (1996).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"22790_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-060116-053403","volume":"44","author":"BJ Goosby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goosby, B. J., Cheadle, J. E. & Mitchell, C. Stress-related biosocial mechanisms of discrimination and African American health inequities. Ann. Rev. Sociol. 44, 319\u2013340 (2018).","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"22790_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/soc4.12054","volume":"7","author":"BJ Goosby","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goosby, B. J. & Heidbrink, C. Transgenerational consequences of racial discrimination for African American health. Sociol. Compass 7, 630\u2013643 (2013).","journal-title":"Sociol. Compass"},{"key":"22790_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.10.005","volume":"26","author":"JC Slaughter-Acey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Slaughter-Acey, J. C. et al. Racism in the form of micro aggressions and the risk of preterm birth among black women. Ann. Epidemiol. 26, 7-13.e1 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"22790_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13580","volume":"69","author":"AH Goh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goh, A. H., Altman, M. R., Canty, L. & Edmonds, J. K. Communication between pregnant people of color and prenatal care providers in the United States: An integrative review. J. Midwifery Women\u2019s Health 69, 202\u2013223 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"22790_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117131","volume":"356","author":"A Stolte","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stolte, A. et al. Male twinning after the 2008 Obama election: A test of symbolic empowerment. Soc. Sci. Med. 356, 117131 (2024).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"22790_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osterman, M. J. K., Hamilton, B. E., Martin, J. A., Driscoll, A. K. & Valenzuela, C. P. Births: Final Data for 2021. (2021).","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:116027"},{"key":"22790_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2021-0403","volume":"50","author":"I Tsakiridis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsakiridis, I., Giouleka, S., Mamopoulos, A., Athanasiadis, A. & Dagklis, T. Investigation and management of stillbirth: A descriptive review of major guidelines. J. Perinat. Med. 50, 796\u2013813 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"22790_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-9-58","volume":"9","author":"JF Fr\u00f8en","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fr\u00f8en, J. F. et al. Making stillbirths count, making numbers talk - Issues in data collection for stillbirths. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 9, 58 (2009).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"22790_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62187-3","volume":"377","author":"JE Lawn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lawn, J. E. et al. Stillbirths: Where? When? Why? How to make the data count?. Lancet 377, 1448\u20131463 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22790-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22790-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22790-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T15:03:08Z","timestamp":1762441388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-22790-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["22790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-22790-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The UC Irvine Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects approved this study (protocol # 20195444).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}],"article-number":"38965"}}