{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T22:25:45Z","timestamp":1792707945575,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000304","name":"Parkinson\u2019s UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000304","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000304","name":"Parkinson\u2019s UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000304","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000304","name":"Parkinson\u2019s UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000304","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000304","name":"Parkinson\u2019s UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000304","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000304","name":"Parkinson\u2019s UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000304","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000304","name":"Parkinson\u2019s UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000304","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction is a well-established prodromal symptom of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and may occur years prior to PD diagnosis. This study assessed validity of a shortened 5-item smell test in a large cohort of PREDICT-PD participants and investigated its associations with previously described prodromal and demographic factors. Participants without PD aged over 60 years-old completed a 5-item smell test and online platform including validated questionnaires \u2014 such as the REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder Single-Question Screen (RBD1Q) and Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) \u2014 as well as subjective olfaction assessment, and motor function assessment via the BRadykinesia Akinesia INcoordination (BRAIN) tap test. Log odds for PD were derived from smell test performance. Data was analysed by non-parametric tests in R-studio. A total of 1472 participants were included. Smell test performance declined with age and was poorer in males. Log odds for PD derived from the smell test correlated with RBD screening and bradykinesia as measured by BRAIN tap test but not motor impairment subjectively assessed by UPDRS part 2. Subjective olfactory assessments correlated weakly with objective smell test performance, with only fair agreement. Notably, subjective smell ratings did not correlate with motor function, whereas objective smell test results did. This study supports the feasibility of a shortened olfactory test for PD risk stratification in prodromal populations. Some previously described associations with prodromal and demographic factors were reaffirmed. Findings highlight the association between early motor dysfunction and olfactory impairment, emphasising the need for objective olfactory testing in research and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-23293-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T18:21:52Z","timestamp":1762885312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Idiopathic hyposmia as a marker of prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease \u2014 a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5830-4185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zara","family":"Markovic-Obiago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-8616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Bestwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0561-758X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harneek","family":"Chohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anette","family":"Schrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5555-0283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Simonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3027-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alastair J.","family":"Noyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"23293_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.12.005","volume":"15","author":"A Haehner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haehner, A. et al. Prevalence of smell loss in parkinson\u2019s disease - A multicenter study. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 15, 490\u2013494 (2009).","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord"},{"key":"23293_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21413","volume":"22","author":"A Haehner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haehner, A. et al. Olfactory loss May be a first sign of idiopathic parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 22, 839\u2013842 (2007).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"23293_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sorokowski, P. et al. Sex differences in human olfaction: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology vol. 10 Preprint at (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00242","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00242"},{"key":"23293_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.18.2307","volume":"288","author":"C Murphy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murphy, C. et al. Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults. JAMA 288, 2307\u20132312 (2002).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"23293_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4745","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06110-y","volume":"43","author":"F Nabizadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nabizadeh, F., Sodeifian, F. & Pirahesh, K. Olfactory dysfunction and striatal dopamine transporter binding in motor subtypes of parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurol. Sci. 43, 4745\u20134752 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"23293_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, N., Paschen, L. & Witt, K. Invalid Self-Assessment of Olfactory Functioning in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients May Mislead the Neurologist. Parkinsons Dis (2020). (2020).","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7548394"},{"key":"23293_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bestwick, J. P. et al. Optimising classification of parkinson\u2019s disease based on motor, olfactory, neuropsychiatric and sleep features. 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NPJ Parkinsons Dis 11, (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01031-x"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23293-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23293-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23293-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T18:21:53Z","timestamp":1762885313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23293-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["23293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-23293-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The PREDICT-PD study was approved by Central London Research Committee 3 (reference number 10\/H0716\/85 and 13\/LO\/1457). All participants provided informed consent via the PREDICT-PD website.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"39501"}}