{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T12:28:28Z","timestamp":1792758508221,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"LEIZA - Leibniz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Arch\u00e4ologie"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Waterlogged archaeological wood can be preserved for many years in the absence of air, as decomposition is substantially slowed down. After excavation, conservation is necessary to prevent damage of objects due to uncontrolled drying. In this study, the following conservation methods were tested to investigate their ability to stabilise the objects: alcohol-ether resin, melamine-formaldehyde (Kauramin 800), lactitol\/trehalose, saccharose, polyethylene glycol (PEG 2000 with air-drying and PEG 2000 or 400 and 4000 with subsequent freeze-drying). In order to precisely understand the changes caused by conservation and drying, 40 samples each of pine wood and oak wood were documented using magnetic resonance imaging and X-ray micro-computed tomography before and after conservation. This imaging made it possible to quantitatively record changes in the wood structure, for example due to shrinkage, collapse and cracks, which could not be prevented by conservation. The alcohol-ether-resin method with solvent drying had the best stabilizing effect and no damage of the wood structure was visible. The two PEG treatments followed by freeze drying showed effective volume stabilisation. In both cases, however, the treatment led to cracks in the wood structure, which occurred less frequently when the cryoprotectant PEG 400 was used. In comparison, the other methods with air drying did not show consistently good results in stabilizing the volume or wood structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-23385-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:01:54Z","timestamp":1762254114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Stabilisation of waterlogged archaeological wood: the analysis of structural and dimensional changes of different conservation methods using magnetic resonance imaging and X-ray micro-computed tomography"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Stelzner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Gwerder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Pohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Schuetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Muskalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Wittk\u00f6pper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Schmidt-Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Stelzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"23385_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3390\/f13030394","volume":"13","author":"AP Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh, A. P., Kim, Y. S. & Chavan, R. R. Advances in understanding microbial deterioration of buried and waterlogged archaeological woods: a review. Forests 13, 394 (2022).","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"23385_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1515\/hf-2020-0153","volume":"75","author":"N Bjerregaard Pedersen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bjerregaard Pedersen, N. et al. Correlation between bacterial decay and chemical changes in waterlogged archaeological wood analysed by light microscopy and Py-GC\/MS. Holzforschung 75, 635\u2013645 (2021).","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"23385_CR3","unstructured":"Fengel, D. & Wegener, G. Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions (Walter de Gruyter, 2011)."},{"key":"23385_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2012.02.003","volume":"13","author":"CG Bj\u00f6rdal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rdal, C. G. Microbial degradation of waterlogged archaeological wood. J. Cult. Herit. 13, 118\u2013122 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"23385_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3390\/f14020211","volume":"14","author":"I Stelzner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stelzner, I. et al. Imaging and assessment of the microstructure of conserved archaeological pine. Forests 14, 211 (2023).","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"23385_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schniewind, A. P. Physical and mechanical properties of archaeological wood. In Archaeological wood; properties, chemistry and preservation (eds. Rowell R. M. & Barbour J.) 87\u2013109 (American Chemical Society, 1990).","DOI":"10.1021\/ba-1990-0225.ch004"},{"key":"23385_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, P. & Jones, M. A. Structure and degradation process for waterlogged archaeological wood. In Archaeological wood; properties, chemistry and preservation (eds. Rowell R. M. & Barbour J.) 35\u201365 (American Chemical Society,1990).","DOI":"10.1021\/ba-1990-0225.ch002"},{"key":"23385_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-020-00422-y","volume":"8","author":"KE High","year":"2020","unstructured":"High, K. E. & Penkman, K. E. H. A review of analytical methods for assessing preservation in waterlogged archaeological wood and their application in practice. Herit. Sci. 8, 83 (2020).","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"23385_CR9","first-page":"1","volume":"248","author":"LF Hawley","year":"1931","unstructured":"Hawley, L. F. Wood\u2013liquid relations. Tech. Bull. 248, 1\u201334 (1931).","journal-title":"Tech. Bull."},{"key":"23385_CR10","unstructured":"Kollmann, F. F. P. & C\u00f4t\u00e9, W. A. Principles of Wood Science and Technology: I Solid Wood (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012)."},{"key":"23385_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grattan, D. W. Waterlogged wood. In Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects (ed. Pearson, C.) 55\u201367 (Butterworth-Heinemann, 1987).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-408-10668-9.50009-5"},{"key":"23385_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-016-0818-0","volume":"50","author":"AL Redman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Redman, A. L. et al. Characterisation of wood\u2013water relationships and transverse anatomy and their relationship to drying degrade. Wood Sci. Technol. 50, 739\u2013757 (2016).","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"23385_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-021-01294-6","volume":"55","author":"M Broda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Broda, M., Curling, S. F. & Frankowski, M. The effect of the drying method on the cell wall structure and sorption properties of waterlogged archaeological wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 55, 971\u2013989 (2021).","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"23385_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.3390\/f12091193","volume":"12","author":"M Broda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Broda, M. & Hill, C. A. S. Conservation of waterlogged wood - Past, present and future perspectives. Forests 12, 1193 (2021).","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"23385_CR15","first-page":"174","volume":"1858\u201360","author":"CF Herbst","year":"1881","unstructured":"Herbst, C. F. Om bevaring Af Oldsager Af Traetfundet Torfmoser. Antiqu. Tidskr. 1858\u201360, 174\u2013176 (1881).","journal-title":"Antiqu Tidskr"},{"key":"23385_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florian, M. L. E. Scope and history of archaeological wood. In Archaeological wood; properties, chemistry and preservation (eds. Rowell R. M. & Barbour J.) 3\u201332 (American Chemical Society, 1990).","DOI":"10.1021\/ba-1990-0225.ch001"},{"key":"23385_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2023.126065","volume":"78","author":"J Stelzner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stelzner, J. et al. Non-destructive dendrochronology with X-ray computed tomography: the influence of different conservation methods for waterlogged archaeological wood. Dendrochronologia 78, 126065 (2023).","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"},{"key":"23385_CR18","unstructured":"Stelzner, I. et al. A comparative study of conservation methods for waterlogged wood - A review of the \u2018Cutaway\u2019 project. In Proceedings of the International Experts Meeting on the extraction and conservation of the wreck Mazarr\u00f3n 2, Cartagena 2024 (eds. Garcia, M.A. Belinch\u00f3n, R.C. & Escribano C.C.) 380\u2013302 (Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte, 2024)."},{"key":"23385_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grattan, D. W. & Clarke, R. W. Conservation of waterlogged wood. In Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects (ed. Pearson C.) 164\u2013206 (Butterworths, 1987).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-408-10668-9.50015-0"},{"key":"23385_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58692-6","volume":"14","author":"I Stelzner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stelzner, I. et al. A multi-technique and multiscale comparative study on the efficiency of conservation methods for the stabilisation of waterlogged archaeological pine. Sci. Rep. 14, 8681 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"23385_CR21","unstructured":"Christensen, B. B. The Conservation of Waterlogged Wood in the National Museum of Denmark (The National Museum of Denmark, 1970)."},{"key":"23385_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.2007.52.1.50","volume":"52","author":"U Schnell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schnell, U. & Jensen, P. Determination of maximum freeze\u2013drying temperature for PEG-Impregnated archaeological wood. Stud. Conserv. 52, 50\u201358 (2007).","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv."},{"key":"23385_CR23","first-page":"249","volume":"29","author":"A Unger","year":"1988","unstructured":"Unger, A., Planitzer, J. & Morg\u00f3s, A. R\u00f6ntgencomputer\u2013 und Magnetresonanztomographie zur Charakterisierung von arch\u00e4ologischem Na\u00dfholz. Holztechnologie 29, 249\u2013250 (1988).","journal-title":"Holztechnologie"},{"key":"23385_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-3101-5","volume":"395","author":"S Bugani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bugani, S. et al. Study on the impregnation of archaeological waterlogged wood with consolidation treatments using synchrotron radiation microtomography. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 395, 1977\u20131985 (2009).","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal Chem."},{"key":"23385_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/arcm.12097","volume":"57","author":"M Christensen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christensen, M., Hansen, F. K. & Kutzke, H. Phenol formaldehyde revisited - Novolac resins for the treatment of degraded archaeological wood. Archaeometry 57, 536\u2013559 (2015).","journal-title":"Archaeometry"},{"key":"23385_CR26","first-page":"27","volume":"7","author":"T Demoulin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Demoulin, T., Gebhard, R. & Schillinger, B. Neutron tomography of archaeological waterlogged wood. Restaur. Arch\u00e4ol. 7, 27\u201333 (2015).","journal-title":"Restaur Arch\u00e4ol"},{"key":"23385_CR27","unstructured":"Wiesner, I. et al. The first wheels go round again. In Proceedings of the 12th ICOM\u2013CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Istanbul 2013 (eds. Grant, T. & Cook C.) 197\u2013198 (ICOM-CC, 2016)."},{"key":"23385_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-018-0241-y","volume":"6","author":"S Braovac","year":"2018","unstructured":"Braovac, S. et al. Navigating conservation strategies: linking material research on alum-treated wood from the Oseberg collection to conservation decisions. Herit. Sci. 6, 1\u201316 (2018).","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"23385_CR29","unstructured":"Stelzner, I. Transfer into praxis. Evaluation of consolidants for freeze\u2013drying archaeological wood. In Proceedings of th13th ICOM\u2013CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Florence 2016 (eds. Williams, E. & Hocker, E.) 325\u2013332 (ICOM-CC, 2018)."},{"key":"23385_CR30","first-page":"103158","volume":"39","author":"K Rankin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rankin, K. et al. Micro\u2013focus X\u2013ray CT scanning of two rare wooden objects from the wreck of the London, and its application in heritage science and conservation. J. Archaeol. Sci.: Rep. 39, 103158 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci. : Rep."},{"key":"23385_CR31","unstructured":"Stelzner, I. et al. Non\u2013destructive assessment of conserved archaeological wood using computed tomography. In Transcending boundaries: integrated approaches to conservation. ICOM\u2013CC 19th Triennial Conference preprints, Beijing 2021 (ed. Bridgland, J.) 1\u201311 (ICOM-CC, 2021)."},{"key":"23385_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00015-4","volume":"1","author":"PJ Withers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Withers, P. J. et al. X-ray computed tomography. Nat. Rev. Methods Primers 1, 1\u201321 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"23385_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-022-00686-6","volume":"10","author":"J Stelzner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stelzner, J. et al. Stabilisation of waterlogged archaeological wood: the application of structured-light 3D scanning and micro computed tomography for analysing dimensional changes. Herit. Sci. 10, 60 (2022).","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"key":"23385_CR34","unstructured":"Stelzner, I. et al. Evaluation of conservation methods for archaeological wet wood with structured light 3D scanning and \u00b5-CT. In Proceedings of the 15th ICOM-CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Mainz 2023 (eds. Hovmand, I. et al.) 96\u2013105 (ICOM-CC, 2023)."},{"key":"23385_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.1995.40.1.41","volume":"40","author":"DI Cole-Hamilton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cole-Hamilton, D. I. et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of waterlogged wood. Stud. Conserv. 40, 41\u201350 (1995).","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv."},{"key":"23385_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/00393630.2018.1439805","volume":"63","author":"S Longo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Longo, S. et al. Investigation of an Egyptian mummy board by using clinical multi-slice computed tomography. Stud. Conserv. 63, 383\u2013390 (2018).","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv."},{"key":"23385_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2019.125630","volume":"57","author":"M Mori","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mori, M. et al. Non\u2013destructive tree\u2013ring measurements using a clinical 3T\u2013MRI for archaeology. Dendrochronologia 57, 125630 (2019).","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"},{"key":"23385_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.5034","volume":"58","author":"S Capuani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Capuani, S. et al. High-resolution multiparametric MRI of contemporary and waterlogged archaeological wood. Magn. Reson. Chem. 58, 860\u2013869 (2020).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Chem."},{"key":"23385_CR39","unstructured":"Stelzner, I. et al. Conservation of two Neolithic wickerwork wells: A case study. In Proceedings of the 15th ICOM-CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Mainz 2023 (eds. Hovmand, I.) 242\u2013247 (ICOM-CC, 2023)."},{"key":"23385_CR40","unstructured":"Hocker, F. M. Vasa \u2013 A Swedish Warship (Medstroms Bokforlag, 2011)."},{"key":"23385_CR41","unstructured":"Hoffmann, P. Conservation of Archaeological Ships and Boats: Personal Experiences (Archetype, 2013)."},{"key":"23385_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2014.12.015","volume":"55","author":"J Stelzner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stelzner, J. & Million, S. X-ray computed tomography for the anatomical and dendrochronological analysis of archaeological wood. J. Archaeol. Sci. 55, 188\u2013196 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"23385_CR43","unstructured":"Cook, C. & Grattan, D. A method of calculation the concentration of PEG for freeze\u2013drying waterlogged wood. In Proceedings of the 4th ICOM-CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Bremerhaven 1990 (ed. Hoffmann, P.) 239\u2013252 (ICOM-CC, 1991)."},{"key":"23385_CR44","first-page":"295","volume":"113","author":"J De Jong","year":"1977","unstructured":"De Jong, J. Conservation techniques for old waterlogged wood from shipwrecks found in the Netherlands. Biodeterior. Invest. Tech. 113, 295\u2013338 (1977).","journal-title":"Biodeterior. Invest. Tech."},{"key":"23385_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.05.008","volume":"39","author":"N Macchioni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Macchioni, N., Pizzo, B., Capretti, C. & Giachi, G. How an integrated diagnostic approach can help in a correct evaluation of the state of preservation of waterlogged archaeological wooden artefacts. J. Archaeol. Sci. 39, 3255\u20133263 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"23385_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2017.10.005","volume":"30","author":"N Macchioni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Macchioni, N., Pecoraro, E. & Pizzo, B. The measurement of maximum water content (MWC) on waterlogged archaeological wood: A comparison between three different methodologies. J. Cult. Herit. 30, 51\u201356 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"23385_CR47","first-page":"170","volume":"7","author":"RM Kellogg","year":"1975","unstructured":"Kellogg, R. M., Sastry, C. B. R. & Wellwood, R. W. Relationships between cell\u2013wall composition and cell\u2013wall density. Wood Fiber Sci. 7, 170\u2013177 (1975).","journal-title":"Wood Fiber Sci."},{"key":"23385_CR48","first-page":"91","volume":"2","author":"S Brather","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brather, S. Zur Anwendung von Dichteangaben bei der Bestimmung der PEG\u2013Tr\u00e4nkkonzentration mit dem PEGcon\u2013Computerprogramm. Restaur. Arch\u00e4ol. 2, 91\u201397 (2009).","journal-title":"Restaur Arch\u00e4ol"},{"key":"23385_CR49","unstructured":"Schmidt-Ott, K. et al. Optimisation of the alcohol-ether-resin method for wood and composite objects. In Proceedings of the 15th ICOM-CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Mainz 2023 (eds. Hovmand, I. et al.) 145\u2013152 (ICOM-CC, 2023)."},{"key":"23385_CR50","unstructured":"Schmidt-Ott, K., Andr\u00e9, C. & Bader, M. Fishing for stability: Conserving a fish trap in a block excavation by the alcohol-ether-resin method. In Proceedings of the 14th ICOM-CC Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Portsmouth 2019 (ed. Williams, E.) 322\u2013327 (ICOM-CC, 2022)."},{"key":"23385_CR51","first-page":"227","volume":"31","author":"M Wittk\u00f6pper","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wittk\u00f6pper, M. Der Aktuelle Stand der Konservierung arch\u00e4ologischer Na\u00dfh\u00f6lzer mit Melamin\/Aminoharzen am R\u00f6misch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum. Arbeitsbl\u00e4tter Restaur. 31, 227\u2013283 (1998).","journal-title":"Arbeitsbl\u00e4tter Restaur"},{"key":"23385_CR52","first-page":"4","volume":"20","author":"U Kocaba\u015f","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kocaba\u015f, U. & Wittk\u00f6pper, M. Treatment with melamine formaldehyde (Kauramin\u00ae) for conservation of waterlogged wood. TINA Maritime Archaeology Periodical 20, 4\u201337 (2023).","journal-title":"TINA Maritime Archaeol. Periodical"},{"key":"23385_CR53","unstructured":"Imazu, S. et al. An improvement on the Lactitol MC conservation method used for the conservation of archaeological waterlogged wood (The conservation method using lactitol MC and trehalose mixture). In Proceedings of the 8th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Stockholm 2001 (eds. Hoffmann, P. et al.) 413\u2013428 (ICOM-CC, 2002)."},{"key":"23385_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.1985.30.2.63","volume":"30","author":"JM Parrent","year":"1985","unstructured":"Parrent, J. M. The conservation of waterlogged wood using sucrose. Stud. Conserv. 30, 63\u201372 (1985).","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv."},{"key":"23385_CR55","unstructured":"Jensen, P., Petersen, A. H. & Straetkvern, K. From the Skuldelev to the Roskilde ships \u2013\u200950 years of shipwreck conservation at the National Museum of Denmark. In Shipwrecks 2011. Chemistry and Preservation of Waterlogged Wooden Shipwrecks (ed. Ek, M.) 14\u201320 (ICOM-CC, 2011)."},{"key":"23385_CR56","unstructured":"Str\u00e6tkvern, K. Vacuum freeze-drying of waterlogged archaeological wood and selecting the impregnation agent prior to drying. In Proceedings of the International Experts Meeting on the extraction and conservation of the wreck Mazarr\u00f3n 2, Cartagena 2024 (eds. Garcia, M.A. Belinch\u00f3n, R.C. & Escribano C.C.) 303\u2013315 (Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte, 2024)."},{"key":"23385_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.1.000612","volume":"1","author":"LA Feldkamp","year":"1984","unstructured":"Feldkamp, L. A., Davis, L. C. & Kress, J. W. Practical cone\u2013beam algorithm. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 1, 612\u2013619 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"23385_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1021\/j150452a016","volume":"51","author":"AJ Stamm","year":"1947","unstructured":"Stamm, A. J. & Tarkow, H. Dimensional stabilisation of wood. J. Phys. Colloid Chem. 51, 493\u2013505 (1947).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Colloid Chem."},{"key":"23385_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.1982.27.3.124","volume":"27","author":"DW Grattan","year":"1982","unstructured":"Grattan, D. W. A practical comparative study of several treatments for waterlogged wood. Stud. Conserv. 27, 124\u2013136 (1982).","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv."},{"key":"23385_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.1978.021","volume":"23","author":"DW Grattan","year":"1978","unstructured":"Grattan, D. W. & McCawley, J. C. The potential of the Canadian winter climate for the freeze-drying of degraded waterlogged wood. Stud. Conserv. 23, 157\u2013167 (1978).","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv."},{"key":"23385_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2015.03.010","volume":"16","author":"L Babi\u0144ski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Babi\u0144ski, L. Dimensional changes of waterlogged archaeological hardwoods pre\u2013treated with aqueous mixtures of lactitol\/trehalose and mannitol\/trehalose before freeze\u2013drying. J. Cult. Herit. 16, 876\u2013882 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"23385_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2017.01.007","volume":"25","author":"M Broda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Broda, M. & Mazela, B. Application of methyltrimethoxysilane to increase dimensional stability of waterlogged wood. J. Cult. Herit. 25, 149\u2013156 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"23385_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2017.12.002","volume":"31","author":"J Majka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Majka, J. et al. Dimensional stability and hygroscopic properties of PEG treated irregularly degraded waterlogged Scots pine wood. J. Cult. Herit. 31, 133\u2013140 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"23385_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-018-1696-x","volume":"64","author":"TD Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen, T. D. et al. Shrinkage and swelling behavior of archaeological waterlogged wood preserved with slightly crosslinked sodium polyacrylate. J. Wood Sci. 64, 294\u2013300 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"23385_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1086\/624298","volume":"43","author":"H Wadell","year":"1935","unstructured":"Wadell, H. Volume, shape and roundness of quartz particles. J. Geol. 43, 250\u2013280 (1935).","journal-title":"J. Geol."},{"key":"23385_CR66","first-page":"97","volume":"36","author":"OU Br\u00e4ker","year":"1979","unstructured":"Br\u00e4ker, O. U. et al. Zum derzeitigen Stand der Nassholzkonservierung. Diskussion der Grundlagen und Resultate eines von Fachlaboratorien 1976\u20131978 durchgef\u00fchrten Methodenvergleiches. Zeitschr. F. Schweiz. Archaeol. Kunstgesch. 36, 97\u2013145 (1979).","journal-title":"Zeitschr F Schweiz. Archaeol. Kunstgesch"},{"key":"23385_CR67","unstructured":"M\u00fchlethaler, B. Conservation of waterlogged wood and wet leather (Eyrolles, 1973)."},{"key":"23385_CR68","unstructured":"Schweingruber, F. H. Mikroskopische Holzanatomie (Eidgen\u00f6ssische Forschungsanstalt f\u00fcr Wald Schnee und Landschaft, 1990)."},{"key":"23385_CR69","first-page":"78","volume":"25","author":"W Kramer","year":"1968","unstructured":"Kramer, W. & M\u00fchlethaler, B. \u00dcber die Erfahrungen mit der Alkohol\u00e4thermethode f\u00fcr die Konservierung von Nassholz am Schweizerischen Landesmuseum. Zeitschr. F. Schweiz. Archaeol. Kunstgesch. 25, 78\u201388 (1968).","journal-title":"Zeitschr F Schweiz. Archaeol. Kunstgesch"},{"key":"23385_CR70","unstructured":"Jensen, P. & Bjerregaard Pedersen, N. Examination of D-Mannitol as an Impregnation Agent for Heavily Degraded Waterlogged Archaeological Wood. In Proceedings of the 12th ICOM\u2013CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Istanbul 2013 (eds. Grant, T. & Cook C.) 118\u2013125 (ICOM-CC, 2016)."},{"key":"23385_CR71","unstructured":"Jensen, P. et al. Keratin as a bulking and stabilisation agent for collapsible waterlogged archaeological wood. In Proceedings of the 11th ICOM-CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Greenville 2010 (eds. Straetkvern, K. & Williams, E.) 227\u2013243 (ICOM-CC, 2012)."},{"key":"23385_CR72","unstructured":"Imazu, S. et al. Conserving waterlogged wood using sugar alcohols and comparison the effectiveness of Lactitol MC, Saccharose and PEG 4000 treatment. In Proceedings of the 6th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, York 1996 (eds. Hoffmann, P. et al.) 235\u2013255 (ICOM-CC, 1997)."},{"key":"23385_CR73","unstructured":"Hoffmann, P. On the efficiency of stabilisation methods for large waterlogged wooden objects, and on how to choose a method. In Proceedings of the 10th ICOM-CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Amsterdam 2007 (eds. Straetkvern K. & Huisman D. J.) 323\u2013350 (ICOM-CC, 2009)."},{"key":"23385_CR74","unstructured":"Hoffmann, P. Sucrose for waterlogged wood - Not so simple at all. In ICOM\u2013CC 11th Triennial Conference Preprints, Edinburgh 1996 (ed. Bridgland, J.) 657\u2013662 (ICOM-CC, 1996)."},{"key":"23385_CR75","unstructured":"Kavkler, K. et al. Analytical methods can help with the melamine conservation process: A case study on a logboat from the Ljubljanica river. In Proceedings of the 15th ICOM-CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Mainz 2023 (eds. Hovmand, I. et al.) 236\u2013241 (ICOM-CC, 2023)."},{"key":"23385_CR76","unstructured":"Harvie, J. et al. Factors influencing the choice between single and two-Step methods of impregnating waterlogged wood with PEG prior to freeze-drying (Part II: Theory). In Proceedings of the 15th ICOM-CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Mainz 2023 (eds. Hovmand, I. et al.) 88\u201395 (ICOM-CC, 2023)."},{"key":"23385_CR77","unstructured":"Jensen, P. et al. LV-SEM analyses of freeze drying processes for waterlogged wood. In Proceedings of the 8th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Stockholm 2001 (eds. Hoffmann, P. et al.) 319\u2013333 (ICOM-CC, 2002)."},{"key":"23385_CR78","unstructured":"Cook, C., Lafrance, J. & Li, C. Preliminary assessment of a new PEG. In Proceedings of the 11th ICOM\u2013CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Greenville 2010 (eds. Str\u00e6tkvern, K. & Williams. E.) 245\u2013255 (ICOM-CC, 2010)."},{"key":"23385_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avramidis, S., Lazarescu, C. & Rahimi, S. Basics of wood drying. In Springer Handbook of Wood Science and Technology (eds. Niemz, P., Teischinger, A. & Sandberg, D.) 679\u2013706 (Springer Nature, 2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81315-4_13"},{"key":"23385_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teischinger, A. et al. Sawn timber steaming and drying. In Springer Handbook of Wood Science and Technology (eds. Niemz, P., Teischinger, A. & Sandberg, D.) 1167\u20131210 (Springer Nature, 2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81315-4_23"},{"key":"23385_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03563-2","volume":"28","author":"A Spinella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spinella, A. et al. Solid state NMR investigation of the Roman acqualadroni rostrum: tenth year assessment of the consolidation treatment of the wooden part. Cellulose 28, 1025\u20131038 (2021).","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"23385_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-024-01610-w","volume":"59","author":"M Vlata","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vlata, M. et al. Melamine-formaldehyde in the conservation of waterlogged archaeological wood: investigating the effect of the treatment on wood residual chemistry with FTIR, 13\u00a0C NMR, Py(HMDS)-GC\/MS and EGA-MS. Wood Sci. Technol. 59, 17 (2024).","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"23385_CR83","unstructured":"Bjerregaard Pedersen, N. Microscopic and Spectroscopic Characterisation of Waterlogged Archaeological Softwood from Anoxic Environments (University of Copenhagen, 2015)."},{"key":"23385_CR84","unstructured":"Imazu, S. et al. The rapid trehalose conservation method for archaeological waterlogged wood and laquerware. In Proceedings of the 12th ICOM-CC Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference, Istanbul 2013 (eds. Grant T. & Cook, C.) 110\u2013117 (ICOM-CC, 2016)."},{"key":"23385_CR85","first-page":"1","volume":"63","author":"J Stelzner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stelzner, J. et al. Non-destructive dendrochronology: the effect of conservation agents on tree-ring measurements in archaeological oak with micro-computed tomography. J. Am. Inst. Conserv. 63, 1\u201314 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Am. Inst. Conserv."},{"key":"23385_CR86","unstructured":"Stelzner, I. et al. Non-destructive dendrochronology: Analysis of the influence of conservation agents in the wood structure with laboratory-based and synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography. In Working Towards a Sustainable Past. ICOM-CC 20th Triennial Conference Preprints, Valencia 2023 (ed. Bridgland, J.) 1\u201310 (ICOM-CC, 2023)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23385-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23385-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23385-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T12:04:39Z","timestamp":1762257879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23385-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["23385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-23385-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"38481"}}