{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T19:59:18Z","timestamp":1792267158064,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021546","name":"Suez University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021546","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Packaging materials significantly enhance the efficiency of the humidification\u2014dehumidification (HDH) desalination system. The configuration of split packing materials has not been investigated, and there is a lack of studies assessing packing materials of varying heights and types. To address this deficiency, an experimental humidification-dehumidification cycle has been established utilizing packing at 30\u00a0cm split and full heights, in addition to 45\u00a0cm and 60\u00a0cm full heights. Furthermore, three types of packing materials\u2014cellulose kraft paper, PP and PVC cellular grid, and PP trickle grid\u2014are examined. The operational parameters include inlet water temperature and flow rates set at (50 \u02daC, 60 \u02daC, and 70 \u02daC) and (2\u00a0kg\/min, 4\u00a0kg\/min, and 6\u00a0kg\/min), cold water flow rates at (8 and 16\u00a0kg\/min), air cycle types (closed and open), and a unified air flow rate of 1\u00a0kg\/min. The efficiency of the HDH system reaches its peak when the inlet and cold water flow rates are at their maximum values of 6 and 16\u00a0kg\/min, respectively, with the inlet water temperature at highest of 70\u00a0\u00b0C, utilizing cellulose kraft paper of the maximum height of 60\u00a0cm, and operating under a closed air cycle. The optimal performance of the HDH system yields a fresh water productivity of 4.2\u00a0L\/h, a gained output ratio (GOR) of 0.63, humidifier and dehumidifier efficiencies of 98.7% and 84%, respectively, a recovery ratio (RR) of 1.2, a fresh water cost of $0.008\/L, and a pressure drop of 0.32\u00a0Pa across the humidifier. The 30\u00a0cm split packing demonstrates improvements in productivity and GOR of 3% and 4%, respectively, when compared to the 30\u00a0cm full-height packing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-23471-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T09:17:29Z","timestamp":1762939049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Experimental study of productivity enhancement in a humidification-dehumidification desalination system through various packing materials and configurations"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Samah I.","family":"Hatab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelrahman H.","family":"Abdel-sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman S.","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa K.","family":"Mubarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"23471_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2008.12.053","volume":"249","author":"AMI Mohamed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mohamed, A. M. I. & El-Minshawy N.A.S. Humidification\u2013dehumidification desalination system driven by geothermal energy. Desalination 249, 602\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2008.12.053 (2009).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"23471_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohamed, A. S. A., Ahmed, M. S., Maghrabie, H. M. & Shahdy, A. G. Desalination process using humidification \u2013dehumidification technique: A detailed review. Int. J. Energy Res. 1\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/er.6111 (2020).","DOI":"10.1002\/er.6111"},{"key":"23471_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, W. & Han, D. Performance simulation of an air-heated humidification dehumidification desalination system. Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 73, http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/1755-1315\/73\/1\/012004  (2017).","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/73\/1\/012004"},{"key":"23471_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4236\/nr.2013.43036","volume":"4","author":"AE Kabeel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kabeel, A. E., Hamed, Mofreh, H., Omara, Z. M. & Sharshir, S. W. Water desalination using a Humidification-Dehumidification Technique\u2014A. Detail. Rev. Nat. Resour. 4, 286\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/nr.2013.43036 (2013).","journal-title":"Detail. Rev. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"23471_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohamed, A. S. A., Shahdy, Abanob, G., Ahmed, M. & Salem A comparative study of open and closed-air cycles for desalination system using the humidification\u2013dehumidification method. Environ. Sci. : Water Res. Technol. 7 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1EW00233C (2021).","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EW00233C"},{"key":"23471_CR6","unstructured":"Enayatollahi, R., Anderson, T. & Nates, R. J. Mathematical modeling of a solar powered humidification dehumidification desalination prototype. Annu. Conf. Aust Sol Counc., https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10292\/7194 (2014)."},{"key":"23471_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2016.10.015","volume":"404","author":"T Rajaseenivasan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rajaseenivasan, T. & Srithar, K. Potential of a dual purpose solar collector on humidification-dehumidification desalination system. Desalination 404, 35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2016.10.015 (2017).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"23471_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dave, T., Ahuja, V. & Krishnan, S. Economic analysis and experimental investigation of a direct absorption solar humidification-dehumidification system for decentralized water production. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 46 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seta.2021.101306 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seta.2021.101306"},{"key":"23471_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shalaby, S. M., Kabeel, A. E., Moharram, B. M. & Fleafl, A. H. Experimental study of hybrid solar humidification-dehumidification system for extremely saline water desalination. Energy Convers. Manage. 235 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.114021 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.114021"},{"key":"23471_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.08.044","volume":"621","author":"NAS Elminshawy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elminshawy, N. A. S., Siddiqui, F. R. & Addas, M. F. Development of an active solar humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination system integrated with geothermal energy. Energy Convers. Manage. 621, 126\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.08.044 (2016).","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manage."},{"key":"23471_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.09.056","volume":"82","author":"K Srithar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Srithar, K. & Rajaseenivasan, T. Recent fresh water augmentation techniques in solar still and HDH desalination \u2013 a review. Renew. Sust Energy Rev. 82, 629\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2017.09.056 (2018).","journal-title":"Renew. Sust Energy Rev."},{"key":"23471_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shalaby, S. M., Kabeel, A. E. & E-Bialy, E. Investigation and improvement of the humidification\u2013dehumidification solar water desalination system implemented Wick as packing material. J. Sol Energy Eng. 142 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4044578 (2020).","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4044578"},{"key":"23471_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2020.04.083","volume":"205","author":"T Sachdev","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sachdev, T., Gaba, V. K. & Tiwari, A. K. Performance analysis of desalination system working on humidification-dehumidification coupled with solar assisted air heater and wind tower: closed and open water cycle. Sol Energy. 205, 254\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.solener.2020.04.083 (2020).","journal-title":"Sol Energy"},{"key":"23471_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.11.112","volume":"135","author":"H Hassan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hassan, H., Ahmed, M. S. & Fathy, M. Experimental work on the effect of saline water medium on the performance of solar still with tracked parabolic trough collector (TPTC). Renew. Energy. 135, 136\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2018.11.112 (2019).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"23471_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.21608\/sceee.2025.316740.1039","volume":"3","author":"IM Nabil","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nabil, I. M., Abdalla, A. M., Mansour, T. M., Shehata, A. I. & Khairat, M. M. Investigation of humidification dehumidification water desalination integrated with fogging technique. Suez Canal Eng. Energy Environ. Sci. J. 3, 43\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/sceee.2025.316740.1039 (2025).","journal-title":"Suez Canal Eng. Energy Environ. Sci. J."},{"key":"23471_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ziauddin, M., Alnaimat, F. & Mathew, B. A novel humidification and dehumidification desalination system powered by direct solar energy. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 72 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csite.2025.106236 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2025.106236"},{"key":"23471_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2008.06.033","volume":"49","author":"SA El-agouz","year":"2008","unstructured":"El-agouz, S. A. & Abugderah, M. Experimental analysis of humidification process by air passing through seawater. Energy Convers. Manage. 49, 3698\u20133703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2008.06.033 (2008).","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manage."},{"key":"23471_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2017.01.025","volume":"409","author":"OK Siddiqui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siddiqui, O. K., Sharqawy, M. H., Antar, M. A. & Zubair, S. M. Performance evaluation of variable pressure humidification-dehumidification systems. Desalination 409, 171\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2017.01.025 (2017).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"23471_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.12.119","volume":"140","author":"Y Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, Y., Huang, X., Peng, H., Ling, X. & Tu, S. D. Simulation and optimization of humidification-dehumidification evaporation system. Energy 140, 145\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2017.12.119 (2018).","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"23471_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chiranjeevi, C. & Srinivas, T. Experimental analysis of augmented desalination by cooling integration. Energy Procedia. 90, 291:\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2016.11.196 (2016).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2016.11.196"},{"key":"23471_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.1008.177","volume":"1008","author":"A Hamed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamed, A., Salem, Ahmed, M. & Hamdy, H. Ahmed, Said, Mohamed. Experimental study on the desalination system using Humidification-Dehumidification technology. Mater. Sci. Forum. 1008, 177\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.1008.177 (2020).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"23471_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2010.1078","volume":"16","author":"GP Narayan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Narayan, G. P., Sharqawy, M. H., Lienhard, V. J. H. & Zubair, S. M. Thermodynamic analysis of humidification-dehumidification desalination cycles. Desalin. Water Treat. 16, 339\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5004\/dwt.2010.1078 (2010).","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"23471_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2019.06.003","volume":"467","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Zheng, H., Liang, S., Zhang, N. & liang, S. Experimental research on four-stage cross flow humidification dehumidification (HDH) solar desalination system with direct contact dehumidifiers. Desalination 467, 147\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2019.06.003 (2019).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"23471_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2010.05.002","volume":"49","author":"KH Mistry","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mistry, K. H., Lienhard, J. H. & Zubair, S. M. Effect of entropy generation on the performance of Humidification-dehumidification desalination cycles. Int. J. Therm. Sci. 49, 1837\u20131847 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"23471_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2015.02.019","volume":"365","author":"NAS Elminshawy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elminshawy, N. A. S., Siddiqui, F. R. & Addas, M. F. Experimental and analytical study on productivity augmentation of a novel solar humidification-dehumidification (HDH) system. Desalination 365, 36\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2015.02.019 (2015).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"23471_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2018.08.037","volume":"144","author":"A Fouda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fouda, A., Nada, S. A., Elattar, H. F., Rubaiee, S. & AlZahrani, A. Performance analysis of proposed solar HDH water desalination systems for hot and humid climate cities. Appl. Therm. Eng. 144, 81\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2018.08.037 (2018).","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"23471_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2016.05.207","volume":"41","author":"J Moumouh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moumouh, J., Tahiri, M., Salouhi, M. & Balli, L. Theoretical and experimental study of a solar desalination unit based on humidification\u2013dehumidification of air. Int. J. Hydrog Energy. 41, 20818\u201320822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2016.05.207 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog Energy"},{"key":"23471_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Naeini, A., Jalali, A. & Houshfar, E. Thermodynamic and thermoeconomic modeling of humidification-dehumidification desalination systems with bubble column dehumidifier. Desalination 568 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2023.117005 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2023.117005"},{"key":"23471_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zamen, M., Kahani, M., Yazdanpanahi, J., Abedini, R. & Ahmadi, M. H. Modeling of a direct-contact humidification-dehumidification desalination unit in a 256\u00a0MW steam power plant using effluent streams: Case study. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 45 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csite.2023.102966 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2023.102966"},{"key":"23471_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He, W., Yang, H. & Han, D. Thermodynamic investigation and optimization of a heat pump coupled open-air, open-water humidification-dehumidification desalination system with a direct contact dehumidifier. Desalination 469 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2019.114101 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2019.114101"},{"key":"23471_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2018.03.001","volume":"437","author":"H Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu, H., Zhao, Y., Jia, T. & Dai, Y. J. Experimental investigation on a solar assisted heat pump desalination system with humidification-dehumidification. Desalination 437, 89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2018.03.001 (2018).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"23471_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2018.05.020","volume":"442","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Experimental study of a humidification-dehumidification desalination system with heat pump unit. Desalination 442, 108\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2018.05.020 (2018).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"23471_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2019.114199","volume":"199","author":"DU Lawal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lawal, D. U., Antar, M. A., Khalifa, A., Zubair, S. M., Al-Sulaiman, F. & Exper\u0131mental investigation of heat pump driven humidification-dehumidification desalination system for water desalination and space conditioning. Desalination 199, 475114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2019.114199 (2020).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"23471_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2018.05.011","volume":"443","author":"DU Lawal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lawal, D. U., Zubair, S. M. & Antar, M. A. Exergo-economic analysis of humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination systems driven by heat pump (HP). Desalination 443, 11\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2018.05.011 (2018).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"23471_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarghini, H. et al. Primarily experimental study of the energy performances of a humidification-dehumidification seawater desalination system coupled with a heat pump. Desalination Water Treat. 320 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100643 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100643"},{"key":"23471_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elbassoussi, M. H., Ahmed, M. A., Lawal, D. U., Antar, M. A. & Zubair, S. M. The impact of a balanced humidification-dehumidification desalination system driven by a vapor-compression heat-pump system. Energy Convers. Management: X. 21 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecmx.2023.100521 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecmx.2023.100521"},{"key":"23471_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2015.03.032","volume":"367","author":"C Muthusamy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muthusamy, C. & Srithar, K. Energy and exergy analysis for a humidification dehumidification desalination system integrated with multiple inserts. Desalination 367, 49\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2015.03.032 (2015).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"23471_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2017.01.036","volume":"410","author":"HA Ahmed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahmed, H. A., Ismail, I. M., Saleh, W. F. & Ahmed, M. Experimental investigation of humidification dehumidification desalination system with corrugated packing in the humidifier. Desalination 410, 19\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2017.01.036 (2017).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"23471_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2011.09.016","volume":"86","author":"J Hermosillo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hermosillo, J., Arancibia-Bulnes, C. A. & Estrada, C. A. Water desalination by air humidification: mathematical model and experimental study. Sol Energy. 86, 1070\u20131076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.solener.2011.09.016 (2012).","journal-title":"Sol Energy"},{"key":"23471_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thanaiah, K., Gumtapure, V. & Mitiku, Tadesse, G. Experimental analysis on humidification-dehumidification desalination system using different packing materials with baffle plates. Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog. 22 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsep.2020.100831 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsep.2020.100831"},{"key":"23471_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2009.06.063","volume":"249","author":"EH Amer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Amer, E. H., Kotb, H., Mostafa, G. H. & El-Ghalban, A. R. Theoretical and experimental investigation of humidification-dehumidification desalination unit. Desalination 249, 949\u2013959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2009.06.063 (2009).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"23471_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Srithar, K., Venkatesan, R., Rishidev, M. & Saravanan, R. Optimizing humidifier performance by modifying packing material location and thickness. Desalination Water Treat. 317 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100031 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100031"},{"key":"23471_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nada, S. A., Fouda, A., Mahmoud, M. A. & Elattar, H. F. Experimental investigation of air-conditioning and HDH desalination hybrid system using new packing pad humidifier and strips-finned helical coil. Appl. Therm. Eng. 185 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2020.116433 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2020.116433"},{"key":"23471_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahimi-Ahar, Z., Hatamipour, M. S., Ghalavand, Y. & Palizvan, A. Comprehensive study on vacuum humidification-dehumidification (VHDH) desalination. Appl. Therm. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2020.114944 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2020.114944"},{"key":"23471_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2016.06.016","volume":"397","author":"P Behnam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Behnam, P. & Shafii, M. B. Examination of a solar desalination system equipped with an air bubble column humidifier, evacuated tube collectors and thermosyphon heat pipes. Desalination 397, 3\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2016.06.016 (2016).","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"23471_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.07.028","volume":"74","author":"ZM Amin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amin, Z. M., Hawlader &, M. N. A. Analysis of solar desalination system using heat pump. Renew. Energy. 74, 116\u2013112 (2015).","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"23471_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.07.028","volume":"35","author":"SA El-Agouz","year":"2010","unstructured":"El-Agouz, S. A. A new process of desalination by air passing through seawater based on humidification-dehumidification process. Energy 35, 5108\u20135114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2014.07.028 (2010).","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"23471_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2017.03.032","volume":"153","author":"T Esence","year":"2017","unstructured":"Esence, T., Bruch, A., Molina, S., Stutz, B. & Fourmigu\u00e9, J. A review on experience feedback and numerical modeling of packed-bed thermal energy storage systems. Sol. Energy. 153, 628\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.solener.2017.03.032 (2017).","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"23471_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Coleman, H. W. & Steele, W. G. Experimentation and Uncertainty Analysis for Engineers 2nd Edn   https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470485682 (Wiley, 1999).","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470485682"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23471-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23471-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23471-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T22:02:40Z","timestamp":1762984960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23471-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["23471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-23471-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7037645\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"39547"}}