{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:13:16Z","timestamp":1788433996583,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009827","name":"Alexandria University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Preventing Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) reinfection is vital for the long-term health of recovered patients. This cross-sectional study evaluated the knowledge and practices related to blood-borne disease infection control among 376 HCV-recovered individuals in Egypt. Participants had a median age of 63 years, 81.9% were males, 56.1% were manual workers, 6.9% were healthcare professionals, 67.6% had basic literacy, and only 47.9% had received the hepatitis B vaccine. Non-healthcare participants had significantly poorer knowledge and practices compared to healthcare professionals (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Both groups showed suboptimal levels, with 19.2% of healthcare professionals and 0.3% of non-healthcare participants demonstrating good knowledge, while good practices were observed in 23.0% and 14.3% of each group, respectively. A significant positive correlation existed between knowledge and practice (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.363,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Higher education (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and the HBV vaccination status (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.004) were associated with better knowledge. Higher education correlated with better practices (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Individuals in manual labor had lower knowledge and practice scores (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.012 and\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001, respectively). These findings underscore significant knowledge and practice deficits, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to improve infection control and sustain the success of Egypt national HCV treatment program.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-23618-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T11:24:58Z","timestamp":1761909898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Knowledge and practices regarding infection control precautions against blood-borne diseases among recovered HCV patients in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mohamed Fakhry","family":"Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesal Youssef","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Hossam","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa Mostafa","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossam Mohamed Hassan","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"23618_CR1","unstructured":"World Health organization (WHO). Hepatitis C. WHO (C%20an%20estimated%2058%20million,with%20chronic%20hepatitis%20\u00a0C%20infection, 2023). https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-c#:~:text=Globally%2"},{"key":"23618_CR2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis C. CDC. (2023). https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis\/hcv\/index.htm"},{"key":"23618_CR3","unstructured":"World Health organization (WHO). Egypt becomes the first country to achieve WHO validation on the path to elimination of hepatitis C. WHO. (2023). https:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/media\/news\/egypt-becomes-the-first-country-to-achieve-who-validation-on-the-path-to-elimination-of-hepatitis-c.html"},{"key":"23618_CR4","unstructured":"State Information Service. Egypt\u2019s presidential initiative treated 4\u00a0M patients with Hepatitis C. Egypt. MOHP. (2023). https:\/\/sis.gov.eg\/Story\/172023\/Egypt\u2019s-presidential-initiative-treated-4M-patients-with-Hepatitis-C?lang=en-us"},{"key":"23618_CR5","unstructured":"World Health organization (WHO). Hepatitis. WHO. (2025). https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/hepatitis\/elimination-of-hepatitis-by-2030#tab=tab_1"},{"key":"23618_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15584","volume":"43","author":"S Ezzat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ezzat, S. et al. Impacts of the Egyptian National screening and treatment programme for viral hepatitis C: A cost-effectiveness model. Liver int. 43, 1417\u20131426 (2023).","journal-title":"Liver int."},{"key":"23618_CR7","first-page":"304","volume":"26","author":"C Vinaixa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vinaixa, C., Rub\u00edn, A., Aguilera, V. & Berenguer, M. Recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Ann. Gastroenterol: Q. Publication Hellenic Soc. Gastroenterol. 26, 304 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol: Q. Publication Hellenic Soc. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"23618_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Infection prevention and control. WHO. (2023). https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/integrated-health-services\/infection-prevention-control"},{"key":"23618_CR9","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Infection control. CDC. (2023). https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infectioncontrol\/index.html"},{"key":"23618_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12224","volume":"21","author":"NP Souza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Souza, N. P., Villar, L. M., Moimaz, S. A., Garbin, A. \u00cd. & Garbin, C. A. Knowledge, attitude and behaviour regarding hepatitis C virus infection amongst Brazilian dental students. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. 21, e76\u201382 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"23618_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.4103\/jips.jips_5_17","volume":"17","author":"S Gupta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta, S., Rani, S. & Garg, S. Infection control knowledge and practice: a cross-sectional survey on dental laboratories in dental institutes of North India. J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc. 17, 348 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc."},{"key":"23618_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14080843","volume":"14","author":"A Garus-Pakowska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garus-Pakowska, A., G\u00f3rajski, M. & Szatko, F. Awareness of the risk of exposure to infectious material and the behaviors of Polish paramedics with respect to the hazards from blood-borne pathogens\u2014a nationwide study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 14, 843 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"23618_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EPX.0000491268.30015.ce","volume":"91","author":"AE Arafa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arafa, A. E., Mohamed, A. A. & Anwar, M. M. Nurses\u2019 knowledge and practice of blood-borne pathogens and infection control measures in selected Beni-Suef hospitals Egypt. J. Egypt. Public. Health Assoc. 91, 120\u2013126 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Public. Health Assoc."},{"key":"23618_CR14","unstructured":"The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Bloodborne Infectious Diseases: HIV\/AIDS, Hepatitis, B. & Hepatitis, C. CDC. (2023). https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/topics\/bbp\/default.html"},{"key":"23618_CR15","unstructured":"Red Cross. Preventing the spread of bloodborne pathogens. Red Cross. (2011). https:\/\/www.redcross.org\/content\/dam\/redcross\/atg\/PDF_s\/Health___Safety_Services\/Training\/PreventingSpreadBloodbornePathogensFactandSkill.pdf"},{"key":"23618_CR16","unstructured":"Pei, T. P., Fauzi, H. M., Mangantig, E., Bahar, R. & Rahim, N. A. Validity and reliability of knowledge and perception of blood safety issues questionnaire among blood donors. MJMHS 16, (2020)."},{"key":"23618_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd","volume":"2","author":"M Tavakol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tavakol, M. & Dennick, R. Making sense of cronbach\u2019s alpha. Int. J. Med. Educ. 2, 53 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Educ."},{"key":"23618_CR18","first-page":"78","volume":"12","author":"SRA Mostafa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mostafa, S. R. A., El Zeiny, N. A. M., Tayel, S. E. S. & Moubarak, E. I. What do medical students in Alexandria know about female genital mutilation? EMHJ 12, 78\u201392 (2006).","journal-title":"EMHJ"},{"issue":"19","key":"23618_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8095","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.19.8095","volume":"15","author":"A Yusof","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yusof, A., Chia, Y. C. & Hasni Awareness and prevalence of mammography screening and its predictors-a cross sectional study in a primary care clinic in Malaysia. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 15 (19), 8095\u20138099 (2014).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"issue":"3","key":"23618_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.26656\/fr.2017.8(3).537","volume":"8","author":"MA Rohin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rohin, M. A., Najib, N. A., Ridzwan, N., Ishak, R. B. & Baig, A. A. Food safety handling knowledge and practices of universiti Sultan Zainal abidin cafeteria food handlers. Food Res. 8 (3), 451\u2013459 (2024).","journal-title":"Food Res."},{"key":"23618_CR21","first-page":"239","volume":"23","author":"R Ahmad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahmad, R., Rahman, N. A., Hasan, R. & Yusoff, A. Oral health Knowledge, attitude and practice of Parents, and frequency of cariogenic food intake among their Non syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate children in North-east Peninsular Malaysia. Mal J. Nutr. 23, 239\u2013252 (2017).","journal-title":"Mal J. Nutr."},{"key":"23618_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0265811","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265811","volume":"17","author":"K Yazdani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yazdani, K. et al. Knowledge of hepatitis C and awareness of reinfection risk among people who successfully completed direct acting antiviral therapy. Plos One. 17, e0265811 (2022).","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"23618_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10224","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i35.10224","volume":"21","author":"J Vermunt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vermunt, J. et al. Prevalence and knowledge of hepatitis C in a middle-aged population, Dunedin, new Zealand. World J. Gastroenterol. 21, 10224 (2015).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"23618_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6248","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126248","volume":"18","author":"C El-saaidi","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-saaidi, C., Dadras, O., Musumari, P. M., Ono-Kihara, M. & Kihara, M. Infection control knowledge, attitudes, and practices among students of public dental schools in Egypt. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 18, 6248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18126248 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"23618_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5672-6","volume":"18","author":"NY Sultan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sultan, N. Y., YacoobMayet, A., Alaqeel, S. A. & Al-Omar, H. A. Assessing the level of knowledge and available sources of information about hepatitis C infection among HCV-infected Egyptians. BMC Public. Health. 18, 1\u20138 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"23618_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18387-z","volume":"24","author":"T Chonka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chonka, T., Endashaw, G., Zerihun, E. & Beyene Shashamo, B. Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards hepatitis B and C virus infection and associated factors among adults living at selected woredas in Gamo Zone, Southern ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public. Health. 24, 995 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"23618_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0302282","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302282","volume":"19","author":"M Yilma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yilma, M., Taye, G. & Abebe, W. Magnitude of standard precautions practices among healthcare workers in health facilities of low and middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos One. 19, e0302282 (2024).","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"23618_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7982-8","volume":"19","author":"SM Mursy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mursy, S. M. & Mohamed, S. O. Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards hepatitis B infection among nurses and midwives in two maternity hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan. BMC public. Health. 19, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7982-8 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC public. Health"},{"key":"23618_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12162","volume":"20","author":"L Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu, L. et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding occupational blood-borne pathogen exposure amongst students in two Chinese dental schools. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. 20, 206\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eje.12162 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"23618_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0288993","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288993","volume":"18","author":"J Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, J., Wang, M. & Yan, H. Status of waste disposal of sharps outside medical institutions for patients with diabetes: a systematic review. Plos One. 18, e0288993 (2023).","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"23618_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2748-9","volume":"10","author":"SE Akagbo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akagbo, S. E., Nortey, P. & Ackumey, M. M. Knowledge of standard precautions and barriers to compliance among healthcare workers in the lower Manya Krobo District, Ghana. BMC Res. Notes. 10, 1\u20139 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"23618_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3917\/spub.132.0219","volume":"25","author":"H Hien","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hien, H. et al. Knowledge and practices of health care workers in the area of healthcare-associated infection risks. A case study in a district hospital in Burkina Faso. Sante Publique. 25, 219\u2013226 (2013).","journal-title":"Sante Publique"},{"key":"23618_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-018-0314-0","volume":"76","author":"BS Geberemariyam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Geberemariyam, B. S., Donka, G. M. & Wordofa, B. Assessment of knowledge and practices of healthcare workers towards infection prevention and associated factors in healthcare facilities of West Arsi District, Southeast ethiopia: a facility-based cross-sectional study. Arch. Public. Health. 76, 69 (2018).","journal-title":"Arch. Public. Health"},{"key":"23618_CR34","first-page":"24","volume":"7","author":"YH Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin, Y. H. et al. Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in wuhan: A cross-sectional survey. Mil Med. Res. 7, 24 (2020).","journal-title":"Mil Med. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"23618_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.70749\/ijbr.v2i02.365","volume":"2","author":"M Liaquat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liaquat, M. et al. Knowledge of infection control among healthcare professionals. IJBR 2 (2), 1260\u20131266 (2024).","journal-title":"IJBR"},{"key":"23618_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5455\/jmas.17740","volume":"9","author":"D Lobo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lobo, D., Sams, L. M. & Fernandez, S. L. Correlation between health professionals\u2019 knowledge, attitude and practice about infection control measures. J. Med. Allied Sci. 9, 26\u201331 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Med. Allied Sci."},{"key":"23618_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-020-00529-4","volume":"20","author":"NY Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, N. Y. & Moon, K. J. Factors affecting patient safety culture in terms of compliance with preventing bloodborne pathogens among general hospital nurses. BMC Nurs. 20, 1\u20139 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"23618_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soliman, H. M. H., Abdou, M. H., Fetohy, E. M. & Hussein, M. F. Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice of diabetic patients regarding sharps disposal. In: Singh S, Aurifullah M, Kianmehr P, Dragomirescu M. Smart Environmental Science Technology and Management. Lecture Notes on Environment Conservation and Enrichment. Technoarete Publishers. 1, (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36647\/978-93-92106-02-6.20","DOI":"10.36647\/978-93-92106-02-6.20"},{"key":"23618_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tatsilong, H. O. et al. Hepatitis B infection awareness, vaccine perceptions and uptake, and serological profile of a group of health care workers in Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon. BMC public. Health. 16, 1\u20137 (2016).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3388-z"},{"key":"23618_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e015845","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-015845","volume":"7","author":"CL Ochu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ochu, C. L. & Beynon, C. M. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage, knowledge and sociodemographic determinants of uptake in high risk public safety workers in Kaduna State, nigeria: a cross sectional survey. BMJ open. 7, e015845 (2017).","journal-title":"BMJ open."},{"key":"23618_CR41","first-page":"15","volume":"7","author":"ES Halboub","year":"2015","unstructured":"Halboub, E. S., Al-Maweri, S. A., Al-Jamaei, A. A., Tarakji, B. & Al-Soneidar, W. A. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of infection control among dental students at sana\u2019a University, Yemen. J Int. Oral Health. 7, 15 (2015).","journal-title":"J Int. Oral Health"},{"key":"23618_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1396401","volume":"14","author":"D Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu, D. et al. Socioeconomic inequality in hepatitis B vaccination of rural adults in China. Hum. Vaccin Immunother. 14, 464\u2013470 (2018).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"23618_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237398","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237398","volume":"15","author":"AA Ashhab","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ashhab, A. A. et al. Response to hepatitis B virus vaccination in individuals with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS One. 15, e0237398 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"23618_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gottfredsson, M. et al. Threats to successful elimination of viral hepatitis: results from the nationwide treatment as prevention for hepatitis C (TraP HepC) program in Iceland. Open Forum Infect. Dis. US: Oxford University Press. 6, S81-S82 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofz359.173","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz359.173"},{"issue":"5","key":"23618_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12740","volume":"283","author":"S \u00d3lafsson","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u00d3lafsson, S. et al. Treatment as prevention for hepatitis C (TraP hep C)\u2013a nationwide elimination programme in Iceland using direct-acting antiviral agents. J. Intern. Med. 283 (5), 500\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.12740 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23618-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23618-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23618-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T11:25:01Z","timestamp":1761909901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23618-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["23618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-23618-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health and Population (OHRP: FWA00016183, IORG0005704\/IRB0000687, Date: 6\/12\/2023). It followed the International Guidelines for Research Ethics outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Participants were informed about the research purpose at the beginning of the questionnaire and provided written consent before participating.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"38108"}}