{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:36:25Z","timestamp":1792733785146,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/37\/B\/ST8\/03231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/37\/B\/ST8\/03231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the paper the mechanical behavior under low (0.5\u00a0s\u207b\u00b9) and high-strain rate (50\u00a0s\u207b\u00b9) of four human cervical spine ligaments, anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL), posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL), ligamentum flava (LF), and capsular ligament (CL), harvested from elderly donors (70\u201390 years) is investigated. Results highlight that the PLL, LF, and CL exhibit statistically significant increases in stiffness and elastic modulus under high-strain loading. An increase in the failure force was observed only for the PLL and LF at 50\u00a0s\u207b\u00b9. Meta-regression analyses revealed that age exerts a negative influence on certain mechanical parameters, emphasizing the need for age-matched biomechanical data in both clinical and computational studies. A visco-hyperelastic constitutive model was fitted to the experimental stress-stretch curves, capturing both low-strain and high-strain rate responses with high goodness-of-fit metrics. Presented results advance understanding of ligament mechanics in older populations and offer valuable data for improving mathematical models aimed at injury prediction, particularly for high-impact events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-23918-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T21:08:42Z","timestamp":1763413722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Experimental evaluation and constitutive modelling of cervical spine ligaments under low and high strain rates"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Wolny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Wiczenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Pachocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Andrzejewska-Sroka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Sabik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u0142a\u017cej","family":"Meronk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Daszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Rucka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Witkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edyta","family":"Spodnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Henryk","family":"Spodnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilya","family":"Krypets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"\u0141uczkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"23918_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trajkovski, A., Omerovi\u0107, S., Hribernik, M. & Prebil, I. Failure properties and damage of cervical spine Ligaments, experiments and modeling. J. Biomech. Eng. 136, 031002, (2014).","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4026424"},{"key":"23918_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.105012","volume":"75","author":"A Trajkovski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trajkovski, A., Hribernik, M., Kunc, R., Kranjec, M. & Kra\u0161na, S. Analysis of the mechanical response of damaged human cervical spine ligaments. Clin. Biomech. Elsevier Ltd. 75, 105012 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"23918_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200405010-00006","volume":"29","author":"S Ito","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ito, S., Ivancic, P. C., Panjabi, M. M. & Cunningham, B. W. Soft tissue injury threshold during simulated whiplash. Spine (Phila Pa. 1976). 29, 979\u2013987 (2004).","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa. 1976)"},{"key":"23918_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pachocki, L., Daszkiewicz, K., \u0141uczkiewicz, P. & Witkowski, W. Biomechanics of lumbar spine injury in road barrier Collision\u2013Finite element study. Front Bioeng. Biotechnol 9, 760498 (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.760498"},{"key":"23918_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100140623","volume":"14","author":"D Przybylski","year":"1996","unstructured":"Przybylski, D., Gregory, J. C., Prakash, R. P. & Savio, L. Y. W. Human anterior and posterior cervical longitudinal ligaments possess similar tensile properties. J. Orthop. Res. 14, 1005\u20131008 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"23918_CR6","first-page":"526","volume":"5","author":"JB Myklebust","year":"1988","unstructured":"Myklebust, J. B. et al. Tensile strength of spinal ligaments. Spine (Phila Pa. 1976). 5, 526\u2013531 (1988).","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa. 1976)"},{"key":"23918_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1322034","volume":"122","author":"N Yoganandan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yoganandan, N., Kumaresan, S. & Pintar, F. A. Geometric and mechanical properties of human cervical spine ligaments. J. Biomech. Eng. 122, 623\u2013629 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"23918_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000251058.53905.eb","volume":"32","author":"CR Bass","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bass, C. R. et al. Failure properties of cervical spinal ligaments under fast strain rate deformations. Spine (Phila Pa. 1976). 32, 7\u201313 (2007).","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa. 1976)"},{"key":"23918_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.10.014","volume":"7","author":"PC Ivancic","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ivancic, P. C. et al. Dynamic mechanical properties of intact human cervical spine ligaments. Spine J. 7, 659\u2013665 (2007).","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"23918_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2012.02.004","volume":"10","author":"SFE Mattucci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mattucci, S. F. E., Moulton, J. A., Chandrashekar, N. & Cronin, D. S. Strain rate dependent properties of younger human cervical spine ligaments. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 10, 216\u2013226 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"23918_CR11","first-page":"13","volume":"16","author":"A Trajkovski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trajkovski, A., Omerovic, S., Krasna, S. & Prebil, I. Loading rate effect on mechanical properties of cervical spine ligaments. Acta Bioeng. Biomech. 16, 13\u201320 (2014).","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."},{"key":"23918_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, F. et al. Static and Dynamic Comparison of Human Cervical Spinal Ligaments. in IEEE Engineering In Medicine & Biology Society 10th Annual International Conference (1988).","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.1988.94908"},{"key":"23918_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowin, S. C. & Doty, S. B. Tissue Mechanics (Springer, 2007).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-49985-7"},{"key":"23918_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6sth, J., Brolin, K., Svensson, M. Y. & Linder, A. A female ligamentous cervical spine finite element model validated for physiological loads. J. Biomech. Eng. 138, 061005 (2016).","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4032966"},{"key":"23918_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.04.002","volume":"47","author":"M Dreischarf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dreischarf, M. et al. Comparison of eight published static finite element models of the intact lumbar spine: predictive power of models improves when combined together. J. Biomech. 47, 1757\u20131766 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"23918_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.918904","volume":"10","author":"J John","year":"2022","unstructured":"John, J. et al. world! VIVA+: A human body model lineup to evaluate sex-differences in crash protection. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10, 1\u201319 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"23918_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2020.1714603","volume":"21","author":"MW Cameron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cameron, M. W., Schemitsch, E. H., Zdero, R. & Quenneville, C. E. Biomechanical impact testing of synthetic versus human cadaveric tibias for predicting injury risk during pedestrian-vehicle collisions. Traffic Inj Prev. 21, 163\u2013168 (2020).","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev."},{"key":"23918_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrales, M. A., Cronin, D. S. & Sex Age and stature affects neck Biomechanical responses in frontal and Rear impacts assessed using finite element head and neck models. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 9, 681134 (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.681134"},{"key":"23918_CR19","first-page":"S195","volume":"39","author":"CR Bass","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bass, C. R., Lucas, S. R. & Salzar, R. S. Injury biomechanics of the cervical spine. J. Biomech. 39, S195\u2013S202 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"23918_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659101900303","volume":"19","author":"SLY Woo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Woo, S. L. Y., Hollis, J. M., Adams, D. J., Lyon, R. M. & Takai, S. Tensile properties of the human femur-anterior cruciate ligament-tibia complex. Am. J. Sports Med. 19, 217\u2013225 (1991).","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"23918_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15805","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15805","volume":"11","author":"T Wiczenbach","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wiczenbach, T., Pachocki, L., Daszkiewicz, K., \u0141uczkiewicz, P. & Witkowski, W. Development and validation of lumbar spine finite element model. PeerJ 11, 15805 (2023).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"23918_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2014.931949","volume":"16","author":"J \u00d6sth","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u00d6sth, J., Brolin, K. & Br\u00e5se, D. A. Human body model with active muscles for simulation of pretensioned restraints in autonomous braking interventions. Traffic Inj Prev. 16, 304\u2013313 (2015).","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev."},{"key":"23918_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23671","volume":"34","author":"J Iwanaga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iwanaga, J. et al. Acknowledging the use of human cadaveric tissues in research papers: recommendations from anatomical journal editors. Clin. Anat. 34, 2\u20134 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"23918_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wolny, R., Wiczenbach, T., Andrzejewska, A. J. & Spodnik, J. H. Mechanical response of human thoracic spine ligaments under quasi-static loading: an experimental study. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 106404 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2024.106404 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2024.106404"},{"key":"23918_CR25","first-page":"53","volume":"77","author":"R Wolny","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wolny, R., Wiczenbach, T., Pachocki, L., Wilde, K. & Rucka, M. The role of sand filler in enhancing the mechanical properties of polymethylmethacrylate composites. Archives Mech. 77, 53\u201366 (2025).","journal-title":"Archives Mech."},{"key":"23918_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.023","volume":"42","author":"S Cheng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheng, S., Clarke, E. C. & Bilston, L. E. The effects of preconditioning strain on measured tissue properties. J. Biomech. 42, 1360\u20131362 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"23918_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.09.023","volume":"41","author":"SFE Mattucci","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mattucci, S. F. E. & Cronin, D. S. A method to characterize average cervical spine ligament response based on Raw data sets for implementation into injury biomechanics models. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 41, 251\u2013260 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"23918_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.06.009","volume":"80","author":"H Fazlali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fazlali, H., Sadeghi, H., Sadeghi, S., Ojaghi, M. & Allard, P. Comparison of four methods for determining the cut-off frequency of accelerometer signals in able-bodied individuals and ACL ruptured subjects. Gait Posture. 80, 217\u2013222 (2020).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"23918_CR29","unstructured":"Society of Automotive Engineers. Instrumentation for Impact Test - Part 1 - Electronic Instrumentation. SAE J211-1 Preprint at. (1995)."},{"key":"23918_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2004.02.057","volume":"41","author":"G Limbert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Limbert, G. & Middleton, J. A transversely isotropic viscohyperelastic material: application to the modeling of biological soft connective tissues. Int. J. Solids Struct. 41, 4237\u20134260 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"23918_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sabik, A. & Witkowski, W. On implementation of fibrous connective tissues\u2019 damage in Abaqus software. J. Biomech. 111736 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111736 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111736"},{"key":"23918_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-7825(97)00162-X","volume":"151","author":"JAC Martins","year":"1998","unstructured":"Martins, J. A. C., Pires, E. B., Salvado, R. & Dinis, P. B. A numerical model of passive and active behavior of skeletal muscles. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 151, 419\u2013433 (1998).","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"23918_CR33","unstructured":"Abaqus Dassault Syst\u00e8mes Simulia Corp. Abaqus Theory Guide. (2023)."},{"key":"23918_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhurov, A. I., Limbert, G., Aeschlimann, D. P. & Middleton, J. A constitutive model for the periodontal ligament as a compressible transversely isotropic visco-hyperelastic tissue A constitutive model for the periodontal ligament as a compressible transverse. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin. 37\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13639080701314894 (2007).","DOI":"10.1080\/13639080701314894"},{"key":"23918_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-014-0322-9","volume":"71","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Wang, Y. & Peng, X. A. Visco-Hyperelastic constitutive model for human spine ligaments. Cell. Biochem. Biophys. 71, 1147\u20131156 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"23918_CR36","unstructured":"Holzapfel, G. A. Nonlinear Solid Mechanics: A Continuum Approach for Engineering (Wiley, 2000)."},{"key":"23918_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seabold, S., Perktold, J. & statsmodels Econometric and statistical modeling with python. at <\u2009www.statsmodels.org> (2010).","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-011"},{"key":"23918_CR38","first-page":"3251","volume":"47","author":"SFE Mattucci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mattucci, S. F. E. Biomechanical characterization of cervical spine ligaments in young populations. J. Biomech. 47, 3251\u20133256 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"23918_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2007.01.007","volume":"37","author":"L Kalichman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kalichman, L. & Hunter, D. J. Lumbar facet joint osteoarthritis: A review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 37, 69\u201380 (2007).","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"23918_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200104000-00015","volume":"385","author":"A Fujiwara","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fujiwara, A. et al. Orientation and osteoarthritis of the lumbar facet joint. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 385, 88\u201394 (2001).","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"23918_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(86)90131-4","volume":"19","author":"W Koeller","year":"1986","unstructured":"Koeller, W., Muehlhaus, S., Meier, W. & Hartmann, F. Biomechanical properties of human intervertebral discs subjected to axial dynamic compression\u2014Influence of age and degeneration. J. Biomech. 19, 807\u2013816 (1986).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"23918_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.09.001","volume":"49","author":"S Schleifenbaum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schleifenbaum, S. et al. Tensile properties of the hip joint ligaments are largely variable and age-dependent \u2013 An in-vitro analysis in an age range of 14\u201393 years. J. Biomech. 49, 3437\u20133443 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"23918_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(01)00167-X","volume":"2","author":"EMKP Barros","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barros, E. M. K. P. et al. Aging of the elastic and collagen fibers in the human cervical interspinous ligaments. Spine J. 2, 57\u201362 (2002).","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"23918_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.08.019","volume":"41","author":"PA Hulme","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hulme, P. A., Boyd, S. K. & Ferguson, S. J. Regional variation in vertebral bone morphology and its contribution to vertebral fracture strength. Bone 41, 946\u2013957 (2007).","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"23918_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181cc93e8","volume":"36","author":"DL Belav\u00fd","year":"2011","unstructured":"Belav\u00fd, D. L., Armbrecht, G., Richardson, C. A., Felsenberg, D. & Hides, J. A. Muscle atrophy and changes in spinal morphology. Spine (Phila Pa. 1976). 36, 137\u2013145 (2011).","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa. 1976)"},{"key":"23918_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2012.04.012","volume":"50","author":"N Bogduk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bogduk, N. Degenerative joint disease of the spine. Radiol. Clin. North. Am. 50, 613\u2013628 (2012).","journal-title":"Radiol. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"23918_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2023.0146","volume":"66","author":"SH Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, S. H. et al. The sagittal balance of cervical spine: comprehensive review of recent update. J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc. 66, 611\u2013617 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23918-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23918-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23918-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T21:08:45Z","timestamp":1763413725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23918-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["23918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-23918-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures involving human specimens were performed in compliance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Gda\u0144sk (Ordinance No. 26\/2016). The specimens were obtained through a body donation program with appropriate donor consent for scientific use.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"40139"}}