{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T01:48:27Z","timestamp":1781142507586,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Nos. 12172276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 12172276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Nos. 12172276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 12172276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Nos. 12172276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 12172276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Nos. 12172276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 12172276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Nos. 12172276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 12172276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-24175-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T21:50:39Z","timestamp":1763416239000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dynamic flight stability of hovering droneflies with unilateral wing damage"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengshuang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueguang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"24175_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00501","volume":"206","author":"GK Taylor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Taylor, G. K. & Thomas, A. L. R. Dynamic flight stability in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 2803\u20132829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.00501 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"24175_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01407","volume":"208","author":"M Sun","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sun, M. & Xiong, Y. Dynamic flight stability of a hovering bumblebee. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 447\u2013459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.01407 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"24175_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.004507","volume":"210","author":"M Sun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sun, M. & Wang, J. K. Flight stabilization control of a hovering model insect. J. Exp. Biol. 210, 2714\u20132722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.004507 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"24175_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10409-007-0068-3","volume":"23","author":"M Sun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sun, M., Wang, J. & Xiong, Y. Dynamic flight stability of hovering insects. Acta Mech. Sin. 23, 231\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10409-007-0068-3 (2007).","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Sin"},{"key":"24175_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10409-009-0303-1","volume":"26","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. & Sun, M. Dynamic flight stability of a hovering model insect: lateral motion. Acta Mech. Sin. 26, 175\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10409-009-0303-1 (2010).","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Sin"},{"key":"24175_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1672-6529(14)60056-1","volume":"11","author":"N Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, N. & Sun, M. Lateral flight stability of two hovering model insects. J. Bionic Eng. 11, 439\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1672-6529(14)60056-1 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"24175_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2010.02.018","volume":"264","author":"I Faruque","year":"2010","unstructured":"Faruque, I. & Humbert, S. Dipteran insect flight dynamics. Part 1 longitudinal motion about hover. J. Theor. Biol. 264, 538\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtbi.2010.02.018 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"24175_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2010.05.003","volume":"265","author":"I Faruque","year":"2010","unstructured":"Faruque, I. & Sean Humbert, J. Dipteran insect flight dynamics. Part 2: Lateral\u2013directional motion about hover. J. Theor. Biol. 265, 306\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtbi.2010.05.003 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"24175_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2011.2156170","volume":"27","author":"B Cheng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cheng, B. & Deng, X. Translational and rotational damping of flapping flight and its dynamics and stability at hovering. IEEE Trans. Robot. 27, 849\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TRO.2011.2156170 (2011).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot"},{"key":"24175_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10409-007-0121-2","volume":"24","author":"Y Xiong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xiong, Y. & Sun, M. Dynamic flight stability of a bumblebee in forward flight. Acta Mech. Sin. 24, 25\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10409-007-0121-2 (2008).","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Sin"},{"key":"24175_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2012.11.033","volume":"319","author":"N Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu, N. & Sun, M. Lateral dynamic flight stability of a model bumblebee in hovering and forward flight. J. Theor. Biol. 319, 102\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtbi.2012.11.033 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"24175_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58762-5","volume":"10","author":"HJ Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu, H. J., Meng, X. G. & Sun, M. Forward flight stability in a drone-fly. Sci. Rep. 10, 1975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-58762-5 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"24175_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.2514\/1.29862","volume":"46","author":"WB Dickson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dickson, W. B., Straw, A. D. & Dickinson, M. H. Integrative model of drosophila flight. AIAA J. 46, 2150\u20132164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/1.29862 (2008).","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"24175_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4820","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000615107","volume":"107","author":"L Ristroph","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ristroph, L. et al. Discovering the flight autostabilizer of fruit flies by inducing aerial stumbles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 4820\u20134824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1000615107 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"24175_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130237","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0237","volume":"10","author":"L Ristroph","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ristroph, L. et al. Active and passive stabilization of body pitch in insect flight. J. R Soc. Interface. 10, 20130237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2013.0237 (2013).","journal-title":"J. R Soc. Interface"},{"key":"24175_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4092","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.062760","volume":"214","author":"B Cheng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cheng, B., Deng, X. & Hedrick, T. L. The mechanics and control of pitching manoeuvres in a freely flying Hawkmoth (Manduca sexta). J. Exp. Biol. 214, 4092\u20134106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.062760 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"24175_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0072","volume":"9","author":"JH Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu, J. H. & Sun, M. Floquet stability analysis of the longitudinal dynamics of two hovering model insects. J. R Soc. Interface. 9, 2033\u20132046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2012.0072 (2012).","journal-title":"J. R Soc. Interface"},{"key":"24175_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2018.337","volume":"849","author":"RM Noest","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noest, R. M. & Wang, J. Optimal wing hinge position for fast ascent in a model fly. J. Fluid Mech. 849, 498\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jfm.2018.337 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"24175_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130269","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0269","volume":"10","author":"B Liang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liang, B. & Sun, M. Nonlinear flight dynamics and stability of hovering model insects. J. R Soc. Interface. 10, 20130269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2013.0269 (2013).","journal-title":"J. R Soc. Interface"},{"key":"24175_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160294","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2016.0294","volume":"12","author":"AM Mountcastle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mountcastle, A. M., Alexander, T. M., Switzer, C. M. & Combes, S. A. Wing wear reduces bumblebee flight performance in a dynamic obstacle course. Biol. Lett. 12, 20160294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2016.0294 (2016).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"24175_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2014.04.003","volume":"65","author":"JT Vance","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vance, J. T. & Roberts, S. P. The effects of artificial wing wear on the flight capacity of the honey bee apis mellifera. J. Insect Physiol. 65, 27\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2014.04.003 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"24175_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16636","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807223105","volume":"105","author":"B Jantzen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jantzen, B. (ed Eisner, T.) Hindwings are unnecessary for flight but essential for execution of normal evasive flight in lepidoptera. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105 16636\u201316640 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0807223105 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"24175_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0915","volume":"6","author":"SA Combes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Combes, S. A., Crall, J. D. & Mukherjee, S. Dynamics of animal movement in an ecological context: dragonfly wing damage reduces flight performance and predation success. Biol. Lett. 6, 426\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0915 (2010).","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"24175_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026013","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/acb97c","volume":"18","author":"X Meng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meng, X., Liu, X., Chen, Z., Wu, J. & Chen, G. Wing kinematics measurement and aerodynamics of hovering droneflies with wing damage. Bioinspir Biomim. 18, 026013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-3190\/acb97c (2023).","journal-title":"Bioinspir Biomim."},{"key":"24175_CR25","unstructured":"Etkin, B. & Teichmann, T. Dynamics of Flight: Stability and Control. Wiley (1982)."},{"key":"24175_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"054403","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.105.054403","volume":"105","author":"YZ Lyu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lyu, Y. Z. & Sun, M. Dynamic stability in hovering flight of insects with different sizes. Phys. Rev. E. 105, 054403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevE.105.054403 (2022).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"24175_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0307-6946.2004.00573.x","volume":"29","author":"AD Higginson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Higginson, A. D. & Barnard, C. J. Accumulating wing damage affects foraging decisions in honeybees. Ecol. Entomol. 29, 52\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0307-6946.2004.00573.x (2004).","journal-title":"Ecol. Entomol."},{"key":"24175_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2010.12.011","volume":"81","author":"R Dukas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dukas, R. & Dukas, L. Coping with nonrepairable body damage: effects of wing damage on foraging performance in bees. Anim. Behav. 81, 635\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2010.12.011 (2011).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"24175_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2014-0317","volume":"93","author":"JC Roberts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roberts, J. C. & Cartar, R. V. Shape of wing wear fails to affect load lifting in common Eastern bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) with experimental wing wear. Can. J. Zool. 93, 531\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjz-2014-0317 (2015).","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"24175_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4914042","volume":"27","author":"XG Meng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meng, X. G. & Sun, M. Aerodynamics and vortical structures in hovering fruitflies. Phys. Fluids. 27, 031901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.4914042 (2015).","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"24175_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.2514\/1.17356","volume":"44","author":"M Sun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sun, M. & Yu, X. Aerodynamic force generation in hovering flight in a tiny insect. AIAA J. 44, 1532\u20131540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/1.17356 (2006).","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"24175_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.008649","volume":"211","author":"H Aono","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aono, H., Liang, F. & Liu, H. Near- and far-field aerodynamics in insect hovering flight: an integrated computational study. J. Exp. Biol. 211, 239\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.008649 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"24175_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun, M. & Tang, J. Unsteady aerodynamic force generation by a model fruit fly wing in flapping motion. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 55\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.205.1.55 (2002).","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.1.55"},{"key":"24175_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2018.668","volume":"855","author":"X Cheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheng, X. & Sun, M. Very small insects use novel wing flapping and drag principle to generate the weight-supporting vertical force. J. Fluid Mech. 855, 646\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jfm.2018.668 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"24175_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101903","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5121183","volume":"31","author":"X Cheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheng, X. & Sun, M. Revisiting the clap-and-fling mechanism in small Wasp Encarsia Formosa using quantitative measurements of the wing motion. Phys. Fluids. 31, 101903 (2019).","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"24175_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10409-012-0011-0","volume":"28","author":"YL Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. L., Wu, J. H. & Sun, M. Lateral dynamic flight stability of hovering insects: theory vs. numerical simulation. Acta Mech. Sin. 28, 221\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10409-012-0011-0 (2012).","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Sin"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-24175-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-24175-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-24175-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T21:50:41Z","timestamp":1763416241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-24175-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["24175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-24175-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6847920\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"40261"}}