{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T22:34:01Z","timestamp":1793658841616,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002386","name":"Cairo University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Despite the significant progress in the management of infertility, recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is yet a challenge for infertility physicians. It has a deep financial and psychological impact on RIF patients. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has emerged as a chemical that can increase embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy rates in patients with RIF.  This ambispective observational cohort study was carried out at the IVF unit of Cairo University Kasr Alainy Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital between October 2019 and September 2024. All RIF patients who underwent fresh embryo transfer (ET) from 10\/2019 to 9\/2023 were treated with intrauterine (IU) infusion of G-CSF after oocyte pick-up and during the mock ET test, three days before fresh ET. The outcomes of RIF patients who had fresh ET before and after these dates were recorded and used as the control group. We excluded patients who were very old in age (&gt;\u200942 years old) as well as those who had significant uterine, immunological or genetic factors that might affect implantation.  We analyzed 40 patients in the study group and 39 in the control group. The study group had higher IU clinical pregnancy (27.5% vs. 17.9%) and chemical pregnancy rates (35% vs. 23%), but neither was statistically significant (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.28 and\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.243, respectively). The implantation rate was significantly higher in the study group (0.33\u2009\u00b1\u20090.25 vs. 0.33\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.04). First-trimester abortion was lower in the study group (18.2% vs. 42.9%), but not statistically significant (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.25). Endometrial thickness increased by 1.15\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5\u00a0cm in the study group; data for this variable in the control group were poorly documented.  IU G-CSF administration in idiopathic RIF patients before undergoing fresh ET improved implantation rates, while it did not alter clinical or chemical pregnancy or first-trimester abortion rates.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Trial registration<\/jats:bold>\n                    : This study was registered with the identifier NCT04998279 on 26\/7\/2021 in the National Library of Medicine registry (clinicaltrials.gov).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-24587-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T11:22:44Z","timestamp":1763464964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for recurrent implantation failure: the results of a 5-years cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04998279","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Islam","family":"Elkhateb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radwa","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafaa","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mourad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nihal M.","family":"El-Demiry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Shohayeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"24587_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Short, R. V. When a conception fails to become a pregnancy. Ciba Found Symp.  (64),  377\u201394. (1978).","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470720479.ch16"},{"issue":"1","key":"24587_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2013.08.011","volume":"28","author":"C Coughlan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coughlan, C. et al. Recurrent implantation failure: definition and management. Reprod. Biomed. Online. 28 (1), 14\u201338 (2014).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"issue":"4","key":"24587_CR3","first-page":"269","volume":"5","author":"JJK Annan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Annan, J. J. K., Gudi, A., Bhide, P., Shah, A. & Homburg, R. Biochemical pregnancy during assisted conception: a little bit pregnant. J. Clin. Med. Res. 5 (4), 269\u2013274 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. 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Subcutaneous injection granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is superior to intrauterine infusion on patients with recurrent implantation failure: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J. Reprod. Immunol. 163, 104250 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"24587_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2017.1287225","volume":"63","author":"J Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, J., Mo, S. & Chen, Y. The effect of G-CSF on infertile women undergoing IVF treatment: A meta-analysis. Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med. 63 (4), 239\u2013247 (2017).","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"24587_CR41","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Xu, J., Wei, X. & Zhong, X. The role of granulocyte colony stimulating factor in mitigating the risk of recurrent miscarriages: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Reprod.  Sci. 2, 1\u20139 . 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The Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department Research Ethics Committee approved the ambispective design with retrospective and prospective data collection. Our research was performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. It was registered with the identifier NCT04998279 on 26\/7\/2021 in the National Library of Medicine registry (clinicaltrials.gov). All patients had full counselling and signed a written informed consent before participating in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All patients had full counselling and signed a written informed consent before participating in the study. This consent form includes the consent to publish the study findings anonymously.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"40390"}}