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In order to gauge rates of recombination and the degree of geographically structuring within the population we carried out a comprehensive whole-genome comparison of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    s.s. strains (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200964) across three Canadian regions - Nova Scotia (NS), Ontario (ON), and Manitoba (MB). Using a multi-marker approach (MLST,\n                    <jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>\n                    , RSP, RST, IGS), we identified 12 genetically coherent groups that were stable across both core and accessory genome phylogenies. Our analyses reveal a clear geographic gradient of clonality, with NS harboring highly clonal and modular populations (clonal ratio\u2009=\u20094, modularity Q\u2009=\u20090.68), while ON\/MB strains exhibited more recombination, shared markers, and genetic connectivity. Genes like\n                    <jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed high recombination rates (R\/\u03b8\u2009=\u20094.25), whereas others (\n                    <jats:italic>ospA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , P45-13) evolved primarily via mutation (R\/\u03b8\u2009&lt;\u20090.10), illustrating distinct selective pressures in host versus vector environments. Despite these differences, lineages remained phylogenetically robust across markers. These findings highlight how evolutionary processes shape the structure and diversity of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    s.s. populations in Canada and provide insights into its geographic spread and population ecology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-24758-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T10:37:40Z","timestamp":1763635060000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Genetic landscape of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in Canada: a study of genetic diversity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Samir","family":"Mechai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Feil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Margos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick H.","family":"Ogden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"24758_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.04.002","volume":"2","author":"N Rudenko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rudenko, N., Golovchenko, M., Grubhoffer, L. & Oliver, J. 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