{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:57:02Z","timestamp":1787788622316,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Science and Research Innovation Fund and the Chulalongkorn University Fundamental Fund","award":["HEA_FF_68_275_3000_041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEA_FF_68_275_3000_041"]}]},{"name":"the Quick Win research project under the Ratchadapiseksompotch Fund, Chulalongkorn University","award":["No. 767006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 767006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-24928-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T11:18:39Z","timestamp":1763637519000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Probiotic modulation of central and peripheral sensitization in a migraine model via the gut\u2013brain\u2013trigeminal axis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Phichaya","family":"Suthivanich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirikorn","family":"Vongseenin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vichaya","family":"Auvichayapat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weera","family":"Supronsinchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somying","family":"Tumwasorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maneerat","family":"Chayanupatkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saknan","family":"Bongsebandhu-phubhakdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"24928_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02073-3","volume":"57","author":"S Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, S., Gao, J., Zhu, M., Liu, K. & Zhang, H. L. Gut microbiota and dysbiosis in alzheimer\u2019s disease: implications for pathogenesis and treatment. Mol. Neurobiol. 57, 5026\u20135043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-020-02073-3 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"24928_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-024-00766-0","volume":"19","author":"MF Munoz-Pinto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Munoz-Pinto, M. F. et al. Gut-first parkinson\u2019s disease is encoded by gut dysbiome. Mol. Neurodegeneration. 19, 78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13024-024-00766-0 (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"24928_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kapp\u00e9ter, \u00c1. et al. Migraine as a disease associated with dysbiosis and possible therapy with fecal microbiota transplantation. Microorganisms 11 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11082083 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11082083"},{"key":"24928_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpai.2022.100090","volume":"11","author":"J Crawford","year":"2022","unstructured":"Crawford, J., Liu, S. & Tao, F. Gut microbiota and migraine. Neurobiol. Pain. 11, 100090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynpai.2022.100090 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Pain"},{"key":"24928_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arzani, M. et al. Gut-brain axis and migraine headache: a comprehensive review. J. Headache Pain. 21 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10194-020-1078-9 (2020).","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-1078-9"},{"key":"24928_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lanza, M. et al. Supplementation with SCFAs Re-Establishes microbiota composition and attenuates hyperalgesia and pain in a mouse model of NTG-Induced migraine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23094847 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094847"},{"key":"24928_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01721-7","volume":"57","author":"Y Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Liu, S., Shu, H., Yanagisawa, L. & Tao, F. Gut microbiota dysbiosis enhances Migraine-Like pain via TNF\u03b1 upregulation. Mol. Neurobiol. 57, 461\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-019-01721-7 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"24928_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418820102","volume":"39","author":"F Martami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martami, F. et al. The effects of a multispecies probiotic supplement on inflammatory markers and episodic and chronic migraine characteristics: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. Cephalalgia 39, 841\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102418820102 (2019).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"24928_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3920\/bm2020.0058","volume":"11","author":"X Qi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qi, X., Fan, G. & Jia, H. The probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota attenuates symptoms of vestibular migraine: a randomised placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial. Benef Microbes. 11, 469\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3920\/bm2020.0058 (2020).","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"key":"24928_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09595-w","volume":"12","author":"YW Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, Y. W. et al. Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 ameliorated visceral hypersensitivity in rats through the Gut-Brain axis. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins. 12, 980\u2013993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-019-09595-w (2020).","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"24928_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1445","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0467","volume":"126","author":"R Francavilla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Francavilla, R. et al. A randomized controlled trial of Lactobacillus GG in children with functional abdominal pain. Pediatrics 126, e1445\u20131452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2010-0467 (2010).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"24928_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03175.x","volume":"25","author":"A Gawro\u0144ska","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gawro\u0144ska, A., Dziechciarz, P., Horvath, A. & Szajewska, H. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus GG for abdominal pain disorders in children. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25, 177\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03175.x (2007).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"24928_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129008","volume":"347","author":"S Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. Discovery of the bioactive peptides secreted by bifidobacterium using integrated MCX coupled with LC-MS and feature-based molecular networking. Food Chem. 347, 129008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129008 (2021).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"24928_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.02.003","volume":"32","author":"B Chugh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chugh, B. & Kamal-Eldin, A. Bioactive compounds produced by probiotics in food products. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 32, 76\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.02.003 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"24928_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hsu, Y. C. et al. Efficacy of Probiotic Supplements on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Inflammatory Biomarkers, Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Function in Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia: A 12-Week Randomized, Double-Blind Active-Controlled Study. Nutrients 16 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16010016 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010016"},{"key":"24928_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.030","volume":"184","author":"BM Henrick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henrick, B. M. et al. Bifidobacteria-mediated immune system imprinting early in life. Cell 184, 3884\u20133898e3811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.030 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"24928_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13201","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13201","volume":"50","author":"L Bonfrate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bonfrate, L. et al. Effects of bifidobacterium longum BB536 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 in IBS patients. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 50, e13201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eci.13201 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"24928_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00096-x","volume":"11","author":"X Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma, X. et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus and bifidobacterium longum alleviate colitis and cognitive impairment in mice by regulating IFN-\u03b3 to IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1 to IL-10 expression ratios. Sci. Rep. 11, 20659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-00096-x (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"24928_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06244-z","volume":"66","author":"LV McFarland","year":"2021","unstructured":"McFarland, L. V. Efficacy of Single-Strain probiotics versus Multi-Strain mixtures: systematic review of strain and disease specificity. Dig. Dis. Sci. 66, 694\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-020-06244-z (2021).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"24928_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2012.8.2.89","volume":"8","author":"C Bernstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bernstein, C. & Burstein, R. Sensitization of the trigeminovascular pathway: perspective and implications to migraine pathophysiology. J. Clin. Neurol. 8, 89\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3988\/jcn.2012.8.2.89 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"24928_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpai.2022.100091","volume":"11","author":"S Carneiro-Nascimento","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carneiro-Nascimento, S. & Levy, D. Cortical spreading depression and meningeal nociception. Neurobiol. Pain. 11, 100091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynpai.2022.100091 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Pain"},{"key":"24928_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.03.012","volume":"130","author":"D Levy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Levy, D., Burstein, R., Kainz, V., Jakubowski, M. & Strassman, A. M. Mast cell degranulation activates a pain pathway underlying migraine headache. Pain 130, 166\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2007.03.012 (2007).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"24928_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5975","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0368-23.2023","volume":"43","author":"J Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Harrison, S. & Levy, D. Meningeal P2X7 Signaling Mediates Migraine-Related Intracranial Mechanical Hypersensitivity. J. Neurosci. 43, 5975\u20135985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.0368-23.2023 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"24928_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412444015","volume":"32","author":"M Unekawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Unekawa, M., Tomita, Y., Toriumi, H. & Suzuki, N. Suppressive effect of chronic peroral topiramate on potassium-induced cortical spreading depression in rats. Cephalalgia 32, 518\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102412444015 (2012).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"24928_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Costa, C. et al. Cortical spreading depression as a target for anti-migraine agents. J. Headache Pain. 14 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1129-2377-14-62 (2013).","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-14-62"},{"key":"24928_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.10.014","volume":"41","author":"VB Bogdanov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bogdanov, V. B. et al. Migraine preventive drugs differentially affect cortical spreading depression in rat. Neurobiol. Dis. 41, 430\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.10.014 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"24928_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174480692211489","DOI":"10.1177\/17448069221148958","volume":"19","author":"RJ Vaden","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vaden, R. J. & Gu, J. G. Non-nociceptive and nociceptive-like trigeminal A\u03b2-afferent neurons of rats: distinct electrophysiological properties, mechanical and chemical sensitivity. Mol. Pain. 19, 17448069221148958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17448069221148958 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"24928_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41521-7","volume":"13","author":"S Vongseenin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vongseenin, S., Ha-ji-a-sa, N., Thanprasertsuk, S. & Bongsebandhu-phubhakdi, S. Deciphering migraine pain mechanisms through electrophysiological insights of trigeminal ganglion neurons. Sci. Rep. 13, 14449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-41521-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"24928_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/35093019","volume":"413","author":"D Julius","year":"2001","unstructured":"Julius, D. & Basbaum, A. I. Molecular mechanisms of nociception. Nature 413, 203\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35093019 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"24928_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i20.2472","volume":"18","author":"C Sunanliganon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sunanliganon, C., Thong-Ngam, D., Tumwasorn, S. & Klaikeaw, N. Lactobacillus plantarum B7 inhibits Helicobacter pylori growth and attenuates gastric inflammation. World J. Gastroenterol. 18, 2472\u20132480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v18.i20.2472 (2012).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"24928_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02229.x","volume":"52","author":"M Maneepark","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maneepark, M., Srikiatkhachorn, A. & Bongsebandhu-phubhakdi, S. Involvement of AMPA receptors in CSD-induced impairment of LTP in the hippocampus. Headache 52, 1535\u20131545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02229.x (2012).","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"24928_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1142\/s0219635212500173","volume":"11","author":"T Saleewong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saleewong, T., Srikiatkhachorn, A., Maneepark, M. & Chonwerayuth, A. Bongsebandhu-phubhakdi, S. Quantifying altered long-term potentiation in the CA1 hippocampus. J. Integr. Neurosci. 11, 243\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0219635212500173 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"24928_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03405853","volume":"65","author":"W Saleeon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saleeon, W., Jansri, U., Srikiatkhachorn, A. & Bongsebandhu-Phubhakdi, S. The estrous cycle modulates voltage-gated ion channels in trigeminal ganglion neurons. J. Physiol. Sci. 65, S29\u2013s35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf03405853 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"24928_CR34","first-page":"206","volume":"99","author":"W Saleeon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saleeon, W., Jansri, U., Srikiatkhachorn, A. & Bongsebandhu-phubhakdi, S. Estrous cycle induces peripheral sensitization in trigeminal ganglion neurons: an animal model of menstrual migraine. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 99, 206\u2013212 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai"},{"key":"24928_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tel\u2019ka, M. V., Rykhal\u2019skii, O. V. & Veselovskii, N. S. Electrophysiological Properties of Cultured Neurons of the Rat Trigeminal Ganglion. Neurophysiology 45, 84\u201388, (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11062-013-9340-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11062-013-9340-2"},{"key":"24928_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114816","volume":"163","author":"S Aghamohammad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aghamohammad, S., Hafezi, A. & Rohani, M. Probiotics as functional foods: how probiotics can alleviate the symptoms of neurological disabilities. Biomed. Pharmacother. 163, 114816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114816 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother"},{"key":"24928_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2011.01958.x","volume":"51","author":"S Bongsebandhu-Phubhakdi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bongsebandhu-Phubhakdi, S., Phisonkulkasem, T. & Srikiatkhachorn, A. Nociceptin\/orphanin FQ modulates cortical activity and trigeminal nociception. Headache 51, 1245\u20131253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2011.01958.x (2011).","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"24928_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22329","volume":"69","author":"X Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Activation of central trigeminovascular neurons by cortical spreading depression. Ann. Neurol. 69, 855\u2013865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.22329 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"24928_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20778","volume":"59","author":"C Ayata","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ayata, C., Jin, H., Kudo, C., Dalkara, T. & Moskowitz, M. A. Suppression of cortical spreading depression in migraine prophylaxis. Ann. Neurol. 59, 652\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.20778 (2006).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"24928_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600120","volume":"25","author":"F Richter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Richter, F., Mikulik, O., Ebersberger, A. & Schaible, H. G. Noradrenergic agonists and antagonists influence migration of cortical spreading depression in rat-a possible mechanism of migraine prophylaxis and prevention of postischemic neuronal damage. J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab. 25, 1225\u20131235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600120 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"24928_CR41","first-page":"17","volume":"99","author":"H Ha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ha, H. & Gonzalez, A. Migraine headache prophylaxis. Am. Fam Physician. 99, 17\u201324 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. Fam Physician"},{"key":"24928_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Telka, M. V., Rikhalsky, O. V., Veselovsky, N. S., EXCITABILITY & PROPERTIES OF TRIGEMINAL GANGLION NEURONS. Fiziol Zh () 62, 24\u201334,) 62, 24\u201334, (1994). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15407\/fz62.02.024 (2016).","DOI":"10.15407\/fz62.02.024"},{"key":"24928_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G868","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90511.2008","volume":"296","author":"X Ma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ma, X. et al. Lactobacillus reuteri ingestion prevents hyperexcitability of colonic DRG neurons induced by noxious stimuli. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 296, G868\u2013875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.90511.2008 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"24928_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11758","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1672-17.2017","volume":"37","author":"JL Sessenwein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sessenwein, J. L. et al. Protease-Mediated suppression of DRG neuron excitability by commensal bacteria. J. Neurosci. 37, 11758\u201311768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.1672-17.2017 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"24928_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/39807","volume":"389","author":"MJ Caterina","year":"1997","unstructured":"Caterina, M. J. et al. The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature 389, 816\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/39807 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"24928_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.02.004","volume":"16","author":"JE Meents","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meents, J. E., Neeb, L. & Reuter, U. TRPV1 in migraine pathophysiology. Trends Mol. Med. 16, 153\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.02.004 (2010).","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"24928_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2018.07.003","volume":"203","author":"SH Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, S. H. et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus ameliorates pain and cartilage degradation in experimental osteoarthritis. Immunol. Lett. 203, 6\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imlet.2018.07.003 (2018).","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"24928_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5416-6","volume":"64","author":"YJ Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, Y. J., Dai, C. & Jiang, M. Mechanisms of probiotic VSL#3 in a rat model of visceral hypersensitivity involves the mast Cell-PAR2-TRPV1 pathway. Dig. Dis. Sci. 64, 1182\u20131192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-018-5416-6 (2019).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"24928_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13677","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13677","volume":"31","author":"H Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, H., Wang, P., Huang, L., Li, P. & Zhang, D. Effects of regulating gut microbiota on the serotonin metabolism in the chronic unpredictable mild stress rat model. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 31, e13677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.13677 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil."},{"key":"24928_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12673","volume":"13","author":"D Sajedi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sajedi, D., Shabani, R. & Elmieh, A. Effects of exercise training with Lactobacillus plantarum intake on ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1\u03b2 in cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Clin. Experimental Neuroimmunol. 13, 42\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen3.12673 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Experimental Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"24928_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8619","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c01950","volume":"70","author":"W Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, W. et al. Lactobacillus plantarum combined with galactooligosaccharides supplement: A neuroprotective regimen against neurodegeneration and memory impairment by regulating Short-Chain fatty acids and the c-Jun N-Terminal kinase signaling pathway in mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 70, 8619\u20138630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c01950 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"24928_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2018.1487346","volume":"38","author":"G Mohammadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammadi, G. et al. The effects of probiotic formulation pretreatment (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and bifidobacterium longum R0175) on a lipopolysaccharide rat model. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 38, 209\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07315724.2018.1487346 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"24928_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00310.x","volume":"46","author":"W Supornsilpchai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Supornsilpchai, W., Sanguanrangsirikul, S., Maneesri, S., Srikiatkhachorn, A. & Serotonin Depletion Cortical spreading Depression, and trigeminal nociception. Headache: J. Head Face Pain. 46, 34\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00310.x (2006).","journal-title":"Headache: J. Head Face Pain"},{"key":"24928_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104077","volume":"72","author":"A Orlando","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orlando, A., Clemente, C., D\u2019Attoma, B. & Russo, F. Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on the serotonergic pathway in a gliadin-induced enteropathy animal model. J. Funct. Foods. 72, 104077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104077 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods."},{"key":"24928_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2022.05.003","volume":"45","author":"P Tian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tian, P. et al. Multi-Probiotics ameliorate major depressive disorder and accompanying Gastrointestinal syndromes via serotonergic system regulation. J. Adv. Res. 45, 117\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jare.2022.05.003 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"24928_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yun, S. W., Shin, Y. J., Ma, X. & Kim, D. H. Lactobacillus plantarum and bifidobacterium longum alleviate High-Fat Diet-Induced obesity and Depression\/Cognitive Impairment-like behavior in mice by upregulating AMPK activation and downregulating adipogenesis and gut dysbiosis. Nutrients 16 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16223810 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223810"},{"key":"24928_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/384560a0","volume":"384","author":"AM Strassman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Strassman, A. M., Raymond, S. A. & Burstein, R. Sensitization of meningeal sensory neurons and the origin of headaches. Nature 384, 560\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/384560a0 (1996).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"24928_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al Khazali, H. M. et al. Effects of substance P on headache induction and arterial dilation in healthy adults. Cephalalgia 45, 3331024251336132, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03331024251336132","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024251336132"},{"key":"24928_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pellesi, L. & Edvinsson, L. Revisiting substance P in migraine: a methodological approach inspired by anti-CGRP and anti-PACAP success. J. Headache Pain. 26 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10194-025-01959-8 (2025).","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-025-01959-8"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-24928-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-24928-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-24928-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T11:18:41Z","timestamp":1763637521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-24928-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["24928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-24928-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"41103"}}