{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T07:22:48Z","timestamp":1794036168278,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Arba Minch University Research Directorate Office","award":["GOV\/AMU\/PhDMast\/TH3\/CMHS\/HI\/RCO\/01\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOV\/AMU\/PhDMast\/TH3\/CMHS\/HI\/RCO\/01\/15"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-25568-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T12:53:16Z","timestamp":1763988796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effect of mHealth on childhood vaccination and its associated factors among South Ethiopian mothers: a cluster randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Girma","family":"Gilano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rianne","family":"Fijten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"25568_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.02.015","volume":"31","author":"WHO. Global Vaccine Action Plan","year":"2013","unstructured":"WHO. Global Vaccine Action Plan. Vaccine ;31:B5\u2013B31. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.02.015. (2013).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"25568_CR2","unstructured":"Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization, REVIEW. The Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011\u20132020. Review and lessons learned [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization. (2019). Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/global-vaccine-action-plan-and-decade-of-vaccines-review-and-lessons-learned-reports"},{"key":"25568_CR3","unstructured":"Ministry of Health-Ethiopia. National Implementation Guideline for Expanded Program on Immunization. ;(June):1\u201333. (2021). Available from: https:\/\/e-library.moh.gov.et\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/National-Implementation-Guidline-for-Expanded-Program-on-Immunization.pdf"},{"key":"25568_CR4","unstructured":"UNICEF. Every child survives and thrives[anual report]. 2019;1-219. Available at: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/report"},{"key":"25568_CR5","unstructured":"MoH (Ethiopian Ministry of Health). Ethiopia National Expanded Program on Immunization. July 2021. 1-122. Available at: http:\/\/dataverse.nipn.ephi.gov.et\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/1657\/Ethiopia-National-Expanded-Program-on-Immunization.pdf?sequence=1"},{"issue":"7","key":"25568_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1870392","volume":"17","author":"G Biset","year":"2021","unstructured":"Biset, G., Woday, A., Mihret, S. & Tsihay, M. Full immunization coverage and associated factors among children age 12\u201323 months in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Hum Vaccines Immunother [Internet] 17(7), 2326\u20132335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2020.1870392 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"25568_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v31i1.8","volume":"31","author":"A Mebrat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mebrat, A. et al. Determinants of Incomplete childhood vaccination among children aged 12\u201323 months in Gambela Region, Southwest Ethiopia: a case control study. Ethiop J Heal Sci. 31(1), 63\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ejhs.v31i1.8 (2021) (PMID: 34158753).","journal-title":"Ethiop J Heal Sci."},{"key":"25568_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"A Desalew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Desalew, A., Semahegn, A., Birhanu, S. & Tesfaye, G. Incomplete vaccination and its predictors among children in ethiopia: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Glob Pediatr. Heal. 7, 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2 (2020). 7\/2333794X20968681.","journal-title":"Glob Pediatr. Heal"},{"issue":"1","key":"25568_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09965-y","volume":"20","author":"GA Tesema","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tesema, G. A., Tessema, Z. T., Tamirat, K. S. & Teshale, A. B. Complete basic childhood vaccination and associated factors among children aged 12\u201323 months in East africa: a multilevel analysis of recent demographic and health surveys. BMC Public. Health. 20 (1), 1\u201314 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"25568_CR10","first-page":"8","volume":"2019","author":"A Girmay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Girmay, A. & Dadi, A. F. Full immunization coverage and associated factors among children aged 12\u201323 months in a Hard-to-Reach areas of Ethiopia. Hindawi 2019, 8 (2019).","journal-title":"Hindawi"},{"key":"25568_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02163-0","volume":"20","author":"A Eshete","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eshete, A., Shewasinad, S. & Hailemeskel, S. Immunization coverage and its determinant factors among children aged 12\u201323 months in ethiopia: a systematic review, and Meta- analysis of cross- sectional studies. BMC Pediatr. 20, 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-020-02163-0 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"25568_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dub\u00e9, E., Gagnon, D., MacDonald, N. & SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Strategies intended to address vaccine hesitancy: review of published reviews. Vaccine 33(34):4191\u20134203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.04.041. Epub.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.04.041"},{"issue":"2","key":"25568_CR13","first-page":"102","volume":"20","author":"AG Chernet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chernet, A. G., Dumga, K. T. & Cherie, K. T. Home delivery practices and associated factors in Ethiopia. J. Reprod. Infertil. 20 (2), 102\u2013108 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infertil"},{"issue":"9","key":"25568_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54429","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n9p183","volume":"8","author":"K Hurt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hurt, K., Walker, R. J., Campbell, J. A. & Egede, L. E. mHealth Interventions in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Glob J Health Sci. 8(9), 54429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/gjhs.v8n9p183 (2016) (PMID: 27157176).","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"25568_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001363","volume":"10","author":"C Free","year":"2013","unstructured":"Free, C. et al. The effectiveness of Mobile-Health technologies to improve health care service delivery processes: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Med. 10 (1), 1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001363 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"25568_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haji, A. et al. Reducing routine vaccination dropout rates: evaluating two interventions in three Kenyan districts, 2014. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 1\u20138. (2016). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-016-2823-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2823-5"},{"key":"25568_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaca, A., Mathebula, L., Iweze, A., Pienaar, E. & Wiysonge, C. S. A systematic review of strategies for reducing missed opportunities for vaccination. Vaccine [Internet]. 36(21):2921\u20132927. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.04.028. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.04.028.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.04.028"},{"issue":"1","key":"25568_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1470-6","volume":"15","author":"D Bangure","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bangure, D. et al. Effectiveness of short message services reminder on childhood immunization programme in Kadoma, Zimbabwe - A randomized controlled trial, 2013. BMC Public. Health. 15 (1), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1470-6 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"25568_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2020-100193","volume":"28","author":"ZA Mekonnen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mekonnen, Z. A., Gelaye, K. A. & Were, M. C. Mothers intention and preference to use mobile phone text message reminders for child vaccination in Northwest Ethiopia. BMJ Heal Care Inf. 28 (1), 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjhci-2020-100193 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Heal Care Inf."},{"key":"25568_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eba, K. et al. Mobile health service as an alternative modality for hard-to-reach pastoralist communities of Afar and Somali regions in Ethiopia. Pastoralism [Internet]. 13(1):1\u201312. (2023). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13570-023-00281-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-023-00281-9"},{"key":"25568_CR21","unstructured":"Africa_Business_Community. Ethiopia tops East Africa\u2019s mobile market with 86.6m subscriptions [Internet]. pp. 1\u20132. (2025). Available from: https:\/\/africabusinesscommunities.com\/tech-24\/ethiopia-tops-east-africa\u2019s-mobile-market-with-86.6m-subscriptions\/"},{"key":"25568_CR22","unstructured":"Nigusie, M. Ethiopia Struggles to close digital divide as 40 million remain offline [Internet]. pp. 1\u20132. (2025). Available from: https:\/\/birrmetrics.com\/ethiopia-struggles-to-close-digital-divide-as-40-million-remain-offline\/#:~:text=While 3G coverage reaches nearly the entire population%2\u00a0C,many urban and almost all rural areas underserved."},{"key":"25568_CR23","unstructured":"AerolLeads Top Mobile Companies In Ethiopia [Internet]. p. 1. (2025). Available from: https:\/\/aeroleads.com\/list\/top-mobile-companies-in-ethiopia#:~:text=Mobile companies in Ethiopia are few in number%2\u00a0C,company and has a monopoly over the industry."},{"key":"25568_CR24","unstructured":"GSMArena. Network coverage in Ethiopia [Internet]. pp. 1\u20132. (2025). Available from: https:\/\/www.gsmarena.com\/network-bands.php3?sCountry=ETHIOPIA"},{"key":"25568_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gibson, D. G. et al. Mobile phone-delivered reminders and incentives to improve childhood immunisation coverage and timeliness in Kenya (M-SIMU): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 5(4), e428\u2013e438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30072-4 (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30072-4"},{"issue":"March","key":"25568_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13081","volume":"10","author":"TD Darebo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Darebo, T. D., Oshe, B. B. & Diro, C. W. Full vaccination coverage and associated factors among children aged 12 to 23 months in remote rural area of Demba Gofa District, Southern Ethiopia. PeerJ 10 (March), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.13081 (2022).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"25568_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/27603","volume":"9","author":"ZA Mekonnen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mekonnen, Z. A., Gelaye, K. A., Were, M. & Tilahun, B. Effect of mobile phone text message reminders on the completion and timely receipt of routine childhood vaccinations: Superiority randomized controlled trial in Northwest Ethiopia. JMIR mHealth uHealth 9(6), 1\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/27603 (2021) (10.2196\/27603 PMCID:).","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"issue":"2","key":"25568_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2007.00901.x","volume":"22","author":"M Taljaard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taljaard, M. et al. Intracluster correlation coefficients from the 2005 WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health: implications for implementation research. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 22 (2), 117\u2013125 (2008).","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"25568_CR29","unstructured":"Wagle, K. & Septmeber 23. pp. 1\u20138. Available from: https:\/\/publichealthnotes.com Behavior Change Communication (BCC): Importance and Strategies. (2019)."},{"key":"25568_CR30","unstructured":"Central Statistical Agency (CSA) [Ethiopia] and ICF. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: CSA and ICF. [Internet]. (2016). Available from: https:\/\/www.dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR328\/FR328.pdf"},{"issue":"12","key":"25568_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.089","volume":"31","author":"M Miles","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miles, M., Ryman, T. K., Dietz, V., Zell, E. & Luman, E. T. Validity of vaccination cards and parental recall to estimate vaccination coverage: a systematic review of the literature. Vaccine 31 (12), 1560\u20131568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.089 (2013).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"9","key":"25568_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(97)10049-1","volume":"46","author":"R Langsten","year":"1998","unstructured":"Langsten, R. & Hill, K. The accuracy of mothers\u2019 reports of child vaccination: evidence from rural Egypt. Soc. Sci. Med. 46 (9), 1205\u20131212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0277-9536(97)10049-1 (1998).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"25568_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.7196\/sajch.2021.v15i2.01698","volume":"15","author":"ND Megersa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Megersa, N. D., Tariku, E. Z., Yesera, G. E. & Gutema, B. T. Prevalence of prelacteal feeding and its associated factors among mothers of under-24-month-old children at Arba minch Zuria district, ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. SAJCH South. Afr. J. Child. Heal. 15 (2), 112\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7196\/sajch.2021.v15i2.01698 (2021).","journal-title":"SAJCH South. Afr. J. Child. Heal"},{"key":"25568_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1258963","volume":"11","author":"SM Downs","year":"2023","unstructured":"Downs, S. M. et al. The impact and implementation of an mHealth intervention to improve infant and young child feeding in senegal: IIMAANJE protocol for a cluster randomized control trial. Front. Public. Heal. 11, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1258963 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Heal"},{"key":"25568_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gilano, G., Dekker, A. & Fijten, R. Effect of mobile phone messaging on uptake of maternal and child health service in southern Ethiopia: Protocol for cluster randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr Open Sci [Internet]. ;54:89\u201399. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutos.2024.02.002. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutos.2024.02.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutos.2024.02.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"25568_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4000-x","volume":"19","author":"M Adam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adam, M. et al. The philani MOVIE study: A cluster-randomized controlled trial of a mobile video entertainment-education intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding in South Africa. BMC Health Serv. Res. 19 (1), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-019-4000-x (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"25568_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-016-0117-0","volume":"74","author":"AB Belachew","year":"2016","unstructured":"Belachew, A. B., Kahsay, A. B. & Abebe, Y. G. Individual and community-level factors associated with introduction of prelacteal feeding in Ethiopia. Arch Public Heal [Internet] 74(1), 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13690-016-0117-0 (2016).","journal-title":"Arch Public Heal [Internet]"},{"issue":"7","key":"25568_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090","volume":"159","author":"G Zou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zou, G. A modified Poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am. J. Epidemiol. 159 (7), 702\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwh090 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"19","key":"25568_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.19.1690","volume":"280","author":"J Zhang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zhang, J. & Yu, K. F. What\u2019s the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes. JAMA 280 (19), 1690\u20131691 (1998).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"25568_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.8873","volume":"6","author":"MS Marcolino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marcolino, M. S. et al. The impact of mHealth interventions: systematic review of systematic reviews. JMIR mHealth uHealth. 6 (1), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/mhealth.8873 (2018).","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"25568_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Knop, M. R. et al. Impact of mHealth interventions on maternal, newborn, and child health from conception to 24 months postpartum in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Med [Internet]. 22(1):1\u201319. (2024). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-024-03417-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03417-9"},{"key":"25568_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Atnafu, A., Otto, K. & Herbst, C. H. The role of mHealth intervention on maternal and child health service delivery: findings from a randomized controlled field trial in rural Ethiopia. Mhealth 3, 39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/mhealth.2017.08.04 (2017).","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth.2017.08.04"},{"key":"25568_CR43","unstructured":"WHO. Global strategy on digital health 2020\u20132025. Geneva: World Health Organization; Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. [Internet]. 18. August. (2021). Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240020924"},{"key":"25568_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Edmond, K. et al. Timing of initiation, patterns of breastfeeding, and infant survival: Prospective analysis of pooled data from three randomised trials. Lancet Glob Heal [Internet]. 4(4):1\u201310. (2016). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)00040-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)00040-1"},{"issue":"7","key":"25568_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180722","volume":"12","author":"ER Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith, E. R. et al. Delayed breastfeeding initiation and infant survival: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 12 (7), 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0180722 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"25568_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.127","volume":"13","author":"V Mericq","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mericq, V. et al. Long-term metabolic risk among children born premature or small for gestational age. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 13 (1), 50\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2016.127 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"100017","key":"25568_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01024-7","volume":"387","author":"C Victora","year":"2016","unstructured":"Victora, C. et al. Breastfeeding series Group. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet 387 (100017), 475\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01024-7 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"25568_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmed, S., Li, Q., Liu, L. & Tsui, A. Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: an analysis of 172 countries. Lancet 380(9837):111\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60478-4. Epub 2.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60478-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"25568_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2014.00380.x","volume":"45","author":"J Cleland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cleland, J., Harbison, S. & Shah, I. H. Unmet need for contraception: issues and challenges. Stud. Fam Plann. 45 (2), 105\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2014.00380.x (2014).","journal-title":"Stud. Fam Plann."},{"issue":"1","key":"25568_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-14-00156","volume":"3","author":"CM Cooper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cooper, C. M. et al. Successful proof of concept of family planning and immunization integration in Liberia. Glob Heal Sci. Pract. 3 (1), 71\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9745\/GHSP-D-14-00156 (2015).","journal-title":"Glob Heal Sci. Pract."},{"issue":"June","key":"25568_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2022.100159","volume":"2","author":"JK Hamon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamon, J. K. et al. Integrated delivery of family planning and childhood immunisation services: A causal loop analysis of service responsiveness in Malawi. SSM - Qual. Res. Heal. 2 (June), 885\u2013894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmqr.2022.100159 (2022).","journal-title":"SSM - Qual. Res. Heal"},{"key":"25568_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamon, J. K. et al. Integrated delivery of family planning and childhood immunisation services: a mixed methods assessment of service responsiveness. BMC Health Serv Res [Internet]. 22(1):1\u201311. (2022). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-022-07983-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07983-7"},{"key":"25568_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kok, M. C. et al. Optimising the benefits of community health workers\u2019 unique position between communities and the health sector: A comparative analysis of factors shaping relationships in four countries. Glob Public Health [Internet]. 12(11):1404\u201332. (2017). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17441692.2016.1174722","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2016.1174722"},{"issue":"10","key":"25568_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.01.058","volume":"35","author":"S Sara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sara, S. & Kim, Manish Patel, A. H. Use of m-Health in polio eradication and other immunization activities in developing countries. Vaccine Elsevier. 35 (10), 1373\u20131379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.01.058 (2017).","journal-title":"Vaccine Elsevier"},{"issue":"1","key":"25568_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03684-x","volume":"21","author":"EM Kabongo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kabongo, E. M., Mukumbang, F. C., Delobelle, P. & Nicol, E. Explaining the impact of mHealth on maternal and child health care in low- and middle-income countries: a realist synthesis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 21 (1), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-021-03684-x (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"25568_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gilano, G., Sako, S., Molla, B., Dekker, A. & Fijten, R. The effect of mHealth on childhood vaccination in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One [Internet]. 19(2 February):1\u201321. Available from: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.02944. (2024). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0294442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294442"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-25568-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-25568-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-25568-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T01:02:07Z","timestamp":1764378127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-25568-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["25568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-25568-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all participants before their inclusion in the study. Trial number: PACTR202211547107725. Date of approval: 22\/11\/2022. Trial status: registered in Pan African Clinical Trial Registry. Trial website:\n                      \n                      . We obtained Ethical approval from the Arba Minch University Institutional Review Board (AMU-IRB) committee, Ref. No 1326\/2022. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout the study, and participants were assured of their right to withdraw at any time. The trial\u2019s purpose and procedures were communicated to all study participants. The study adheres to Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki\u2019s ethical principles for research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"41668"}}