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However, due to high inter-individual variability in the induced electric fields (E-fields), a fixed stimulation current delivers an inconsistent dose. We developed a dose standardization method without the requirement of participant-specific structural imaging and E-field modeling. Robust multiple linear regression models were trained to predict peak E-field strengths across 10 electrode montages and 418 healthy adults. These regression models predicted peak E-field strengths in unseen participants from accessible demographic and morphological parameters. Estimated peak E-field strength values were subsequently used to standardize tES dosages across our population. Additionally, we developed montage-agnostic models which incorporated inter-electrode distances for each participant. Compared to fixed dosing, our approach significantly reduced peak E-field strength variation for conventional montages, though results were inconsistent for high-definition (HD) montages. Models trained on specific montages accounted for 43% of peak E-field strength variability in conventional montages and 21% in HD montages on average. Our montage-agnostic models accounted for 36% and 13% of the average peak E-field strength variability for conventional and HD montages, respectively. These results have been validated across a large dataset, demonstrating robust performance against unseen data, a significant advancement over current approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-25649-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T14:45:12Z","timestamp":1764081912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dose standardization for transcranial electrical stimulation: an accessible approach"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jake","family":"Toth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9adhbh","family":"Brosnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory-Jay","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyan","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahnaz","family":"Arvaneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"25649_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.012","volume":"127","author":"AJ Woods","year":"2016","unstructured":"Woods, A. 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