{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:17:52Z","timestamp":1793420272189,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Emirates Nuclear Technology Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-25798-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T15:28:51Z","timestamp":1764084531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Investigation of binary blended cement mortar degradation driven by sulfate attack and thermal gradients in arid environments"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Remilekun A.","family":"Shittu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsina","family":"Sherief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Alhamadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akram","family":"AlFantazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed K.","family":"Alkaabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"25798_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Zou, D., Qin, S., Zhang, X. & Liu, T. Decoupling chemical and physical sulfate attack on OPC and L.SAC concrete under wet-dry cycles. J. Building Eng. 99 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.111637 (Apr. 2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.111637"},{"key":"25798_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cao, J. et al. Influence of hoop restraint on damage evolution, ions diffusion and multi-scale mechanical properties in concrete exposed to external sulfate attack. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 34, 2491\u20132500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmrt.2024.12.251 (Jan. 2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2024.12.251"},{"key":"25798_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xia, W. et al. Dynamic compression mechanical behavior and strength prediction modeling of sulfate attacked concrete under triaxial static pre-loading. J. Building Eng. 100 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.111784 (Apr. 2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.111784"},{"key":"25798_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, Y. et al. Experimental and simulation evaluation of sulfate attack behavior of concrete in sulfate-rich and stray current environment. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 22 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscm.2024.e04144 (Jul. 2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2024.e04144"},{"key":"25798_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhuang, Z. et al. Diffusion-reaction models for concrete exposed to chloride-sulfate attack based on porosity and water saturation. Cem. Concr Compos. 146 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2023.105378 (Feb. 2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2023.105378"},{"key":"25798_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elsayed, M., Tayeh, B. A., Taha, Y. & El-Azim, A. A. Experimental investigation on the behaviour of crumb rubber concrete columns exposed to chloride\u2013sulphate attack, Structures. 46, 246\u2013264 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.10.077 Dec. (2022)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.10.077"},{"key":"25798_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu, X. et al. Degradation process of reinforced concrete under chloride and sulfate attack with and without electric field. J. Building Eng. 78 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107588 (Nov. 2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107588"},{"key":"25798_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu, L., Chu, H., Zhu, Z., Jiang, L. & Dong, H. Determination of the chloride ion content in concrete under simultaneous chloride and sulphate ion attack. J. Building Eng. 72 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.106579 (Aug. 2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.106579"},{"key":"25798_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zou, D., Qin, S., Liu, T. & Jivkov, A. Experimental and numerical study of the effects of solution concentration and temperature on concrete under external sulfate attack. Cem. Concr Res. 139 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106284 (Jan. 2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106284"},{"key":"25798_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yao, J., Song, H. & Chen, J. Effect of temperature on damage of mortars with different supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) under sulfate attack. Constr. Build. Mater. 394 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132183 (Aug. 2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132183"},{"key":"25798_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ji, Z., Wu, J., Zhao, J. & Wang, L. Impact resistance of recycled coarse aggregate concrete after sulfate dry wet cycles. Structures 71 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.istruc.2024.108060 (Jan. 2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2024.108060"},{"key":"25798_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, K., Guo, J., Yang, L., Zhang, P. & Xu, H. Multiphysical damage characteristics of concrete exposed to external sulfate attack: elucidating effect of drying\u2013wetting cycles. Constr. Build. Mater. 329 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127143 (Apr. 2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127143"},{"key":"25798_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wei, Y. et al. Effect of fly Ash on mechanical properties and microstructure of cellulose fiber-reinforced concrete under sulfate dry\u2013wet cycle attack. Constr. Build. Mater. 302 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124207 (Oct. 2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124207"},{"key":"25798_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Woyciechowski, P. et al. Concrete corrosion in a wastewater treatment plant \u2013 A comprehensive case study. Constr. Build. Mater. 303 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124388 (Oct. 2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124388"},{"key":"25798_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ding, C. et al. Research on fire resistance of silica fume insulation mortar. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 25, 1273\u20131288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.06.004 (Jul. 2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.06.004"},{"key":"25798_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shittu, R., Alfantazi, A. & Kim, T. Y. Influence of mix design on chloride diffusion in concrete structures under temperature gradient conditions, in World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, Avestia Publishing, doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11159\/icsect24.131 (2024).","DOI":"10.11159\/icsect24.131"},{"key":"25798_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. Study on the deterioration characteristics of limestone powder cement mortar under sulphate attack at different temperatures. Constr. Build. Mater. 450 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.138682 (Nov. 2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.138682"},{"key":"25798_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lv, X., Yang, L., Li, J. & Wang, F. Roles of fly ash, granulated blast-furnace slag, and silica fume in long-term resistance to external sulfate attacks at atmospheric temperature. Cem. Concr Compos. 133 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104696 (Oct. 2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104696"},{"key":"25798_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2015.02.024","volume":"73","author":"AM Hossack","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hossack, A. M. & Thomas, M. D. A. The effect of temperature on the rate of sulfate attack of Portland cement blended mortars in Na2SO4 solution. Cem. Concr Res. 73, 136\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconres.2015.02.024 (2015).","journal-title":"Cem. Concr Res."},{"key":"25798_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lv, X., Dong, Y., Wang, R., Lu, C. & Wang, X. Resistance improvement of cement mortar containing silica fume to external sulfate attacks at normal temperature. Constr. Build. Mater. 258 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119630 (Oct. 2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119630"},{"key":"25798_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patsikas, N. et al. Durability of mortars of white cement against sulfate attack in elevated temperatures, Constr Build Mater. 36, 1082\u20131089 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.050 Nov. (2012).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.050"},{"key":"25798_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Mu, S., Yang, Z., Tang, J. & Li, T. Effect of temperature on durability of cement-based material to physical sulfate attack. Constr. Build. Mater. 266 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120936 (Jan. 2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120936"},{"key":"25798_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Effects of nano-SiO2 on sulfate attack resistance of multi-solid waste-based alkali-activated mortar. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 22 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscm.2025.e04227 (Jul. 2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2025.e04227"},{"key":"25798_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, C. et al. Coupled effect of relative humidity and temperature on the degradation of cement mortars partially exposed to sulfate attack, Constr Build Mater. 216, 93\u2013100 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.001 Aug. (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.001"},{"key":"25798_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Y. & Xi, Y. The effect of temperature on moisture transport in concrete. Materials 10 (8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma10080926 (Aug. 2017).","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10080926"},{"key":"25798_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shittu, R., AlFantazi, A. & Kim, T. Y. Chloride Diffusion in Concrete under Temperature Gradient Condition in Arid Climates, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Civil, Structural and Transportation Engineering (ICCSTE). 165, 103454 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11159\/iccste23.165 (2023).","DOI":"10.11159\/iccste23.165"},{"key":"25798_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"Y An","year":"2022","unstructured":"An, Y. et al. Effect of temperature gradient on chloride ion diffusion in nuclear reactor containment Building concrete. Energies (Basel). 15, 1\u201314 (2022).","journal-title":"Energies (Basel)"},{"key":"25798_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, E., Park, S. & Kim, Y. Drying shrinkage cracking of concrete using Dune sand and crushed sand. Constr. Build. Mater. 126, 517\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.141 (Nov. 2016).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.141"},{"key":"25798_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qin, S., Zhang, M., Zou, D. & Liu, T. A failure thickness prediction model for concrete exposed to external sulfate attack. Constr. Build. Mater. 416 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135202 (Feb. 2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135202"},{"key":"25798_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, P., Chen, Y., Wang, W. & Yu, Z. Effect of physical and chemical sulfate attack on performance degradation of concrete under different conditions. Chem. Phys. Lett. 745 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cplett.2020.137254 (Apr. 2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2020.137254"},{"key":"25798_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ran, B., Li, K., Fen-Chong, T., Omikrine-Metalssi, O. & Dangla, P. Spalling rate of concretes subject to combined leaching and external sulfate attack. Cem. Concr Res. 162 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106951 (Dec. 2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106951"},{"key":"25798_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kou, J., Li, L. & Shi, J. Experimental study on durability and mechanical properties of high ductile concrete under Long-Term sulfate attack. KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 26 (4), 1793\u20131802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12205-022-0445-2 (Apr. 2022).","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-022-0445-2"},{"key":"25798_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50\u00a0mm] Cube Specimens), Dec. 15. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/C0109_C0109M-23 (2023).","DOI":"10.1520\/C0109_C0109M-23"},{"key":"25798_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Test Method for Bulk Electrical Resistivity or Bulk Conductivity of Concrete, Jan. 01. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/C1876-24 (2024).","DOI":"10.1520\/C1876-24"},{"key":"25798_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete, Dec. 15. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/C0597-22 (2022).","DOI":"10.1520\/C0597-22"},{"key":"25798_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.03.488","author":"SM Gunjal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gunjal, S. M., Turkane, S. D., Patankar, S. V. & Kondraivendhan, B. Effect of magnesium sulphate and sulphuric acid attack on limestone calcined clay cement concrete. Mater. Today Proc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.03.488 (2023).","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"25798_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Durgun, M. Y. & Sevin\u00e7, A. H. Determination of the effectiveness of various mineral additives against sodium and magnesium sulfate attack in concrete by Taguchi method. J. Building Eng. 57 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104849 (Oct. 2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104849"},{"key":"25798_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shittu, R., Alfantazi, A. & Kim, T. Y. Chloride Diffusion in Concrete under Temperature Gradient Condition in Arid Climates, in International Conference on Civil, Structural and Transportation Engineering, Avestia Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11159\/iccste23.165 (2023).","DOI":"10.11159\/iccste23.165"},{"key":"25798_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maqsood, S., Ali, M. M., Shittu, R. A. & Kim, T. Y. Impact of carbon nanotubes on chloride diffusion in cement mortar under temperature gradient conditions. Sci. Rep. 15 (1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-04031-2 (Dec. 2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04031-2"},{"key":"25798_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zuaiter, M. et al. Effect of blending GGBS and silica fume on the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete. Sci. Rep. 15 (1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-93637-7 (Dec. 2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-93637-7"},{"key":"25798_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Effect of chlorides on the deterioration of mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of cement-based materials subjected to sulphate attack. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 22 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscm.2025.e04235 (Jul. 2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2025.e04235"},{"key":"25798_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun, D. et al. Degradation of concrete in marine environment under coupled chloride and sulfate attack: A numerical and experimental study, Case Studies in Construction Materials. 17, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscm.2022.e01218 Dec. (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2022.e01218"},{"key":"25798_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaminskas, R. & Barauskas, I. Influence of Pozzolana on sulfate attack of cement stone affected by chloride ions. Mater. Structures\/Materiaux Et Constructions. 47 (11), 1901\u20131910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1617\/s11527-013-0159-5 (Oct. 2014).","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-013-0159-5"},{"key":"25798_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shittu, R. A., AlFantazi, A., Alkaabi, A. K. & Kim, T. Y. Effect of blending silica fume and GGBS on chloride penetration in concrete under temperature gradient conditions. Int. J. Concr Struct. Mater. 19 (1), 54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40069-025-00796-y (Jul. 2025).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40069-025-00796-y"},{"key":"25798_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ravi Theja, A. et al. Influence of nano titanium dioxide on strength and durability of ambient-cured GGBS-based geopolymer concrete. Results Eng. 27 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.105757 (Sep. 2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.105757"},{"key":"25798_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Irbe, L., Beddoe, R. E. & Heinz, D. The role of aluminium in C-A-S-H during sulfate attack on concrete. Cem. Concr Res. 116, 71\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.11.012 (Feb. 2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.11.012"},{"key":"25798_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Performance analysis of calcined Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (CLDH) and its effect on the durability of concrete under the combined action of temperature and sulfate attack. Constr. Build. Mater. 484 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.141656 (Jul. 2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.141656"},{"key":"25798_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Farias, L. N. et al. Bulk electrical resistivity of Concrete: Influence of sample size, moisture content, cracking, and composition, Journal of Building Engineering. 107, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.112744 Aug. (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.112744"},{"key":"25798_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gopalakrishna, B. & Dinakar, P. The evaluation of the life cycle and corrosion properties of recycled aggregate geopolymer concrete incorporating fly Ash and GGBS. J. Building Eng. 94 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.109977 (Oct. 2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.109977"},{"key":"25798_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L\u00fcbeck, A., Gastaldini, A. L. G., Barin, D. S. & Siqueira, H. C. Compressive strength and electrical properties of concrete with white Portland cement and blast-furnace slag, Cem Concr Compos. 34(3), 392\u2013399 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2011.11.017 Mar. (2012).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2011.11.017"},{"key":"25798_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ekin, N. The relationships between ultrasonic P and S wave velocities and resistivity in reinforced concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 479 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.141475 (Jun. 2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.141475"},{"key":"25798_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pouya, J. et al. Investigating chemical and cracking processes in cement paste exposed to a low external sulfate attack with emphasis on the contribution of gypsum. Constr. Build. Mater. 413 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.134845 (Jan. 2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.134845"},{"key":"25798_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alsubari, B. Influence of fly ash and GGBFS on the pH value of cement mortar in different curing conditions. 11(5), 419\u2013428 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12989\/acc.2021.11.5.419 (2021).","DOI":"10.12989\/acc.2021.11.5.419"},{"key":"25798_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ohno, M. & Maekawa, K. Fully coupled physicochemical-mechanical modeling of sulfate attack-induced expansion in cement-based materials. Cem. Concr Compos. 161 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106076 (Aug. 2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106076"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-25798-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-25798-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-25798-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T15:28:52Z","timestamp":1764084532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-25798-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["25798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-25798-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7329671\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"41916"}}