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While the role of UPEC in triggering host immune responses is well studied, less is known about how host-derived cytokines influence UPEC virulence. The aim of this study was to investigate how the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1\u03b2 affects UPEC virulence, metabolism, and host-pathogen interactions. Using the CFT073 strain, we found that IL-1\u03b2 exposure induced a rapid metabolic shift characterized by decreased oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and increased extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), indicating a transition from respiration to fermentative metabolism. Microarray analysis confirmed the upregulation of fermentative (\n                    <jats:italic>hyc<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and antioxidant (\n                    <jats:italic>katG<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ahpF<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>grxA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) genes, along with increased purine biosynthesis, supporting a metabolic state favouring stress resistance and proliferation. IL-1\u03b2 also increased\n                    <jats:italic>fimH<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>papC<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression, leading to increased adhesion and invasion of bladder epithelial cells. Furthermore, IL-1\u03b2-stimulated CFT073 suppressed the gene expression of several innate immune related genes in a\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection model. Taken together, our findings suggest that IL-1\u03b2 induces a virulence-enhancing metabolic change in UPEC, which could enhance its persistence and colonization of the urinary tract. This cross-kingdom signaling may have implications for infection dynamics during a UTI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26055-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T09:23:30Z","timestamp":1761729810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["IL-1\u03b2 alters the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Fatma","family":"Kalayc\u0131-Y\u00fcksek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongrong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isak","family":"Demirel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"26055_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2013.09.003","volume":"28","author":"B Foxman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Foxman, B. 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