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Specifically, these devices can deliver charged biomolecules such as fluoxetine cations (Flx\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$^+$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) and electric field (EF) in freely moving pigs. Treatments can be controlled and monitored in real time via WiFi, with options for both user-specified delivery rates and durations, as well as automated closed-loop (CL) control. The devices are engineered to handle various failure scenarios that may arise in dynamic, real-world experiments\u2014such as communication or power interruptions\u2014ensuring that valuable experimental data is collected with minimal disruption. The ion pump features eight drug reservoirs and channels arranged around a 20 mm diameter-wound, with a central ground electrode (0 V). When voltages above 0 V are applied to the outer channels, currents flow from the reservoirs and channels into the wound, delivering Flx\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$^+$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    and\/or EF depending on the reservoir solution. The device records applied voltages and currents locally to a microSD card at a high sampling rate, while simultaneously transmitting real-time measurements via a local WiFi network to a wound healing algorithm running on a nearby laptop. CL control of current\/delivery rate is performed by an onboard microcontroller unit (MCU) and current-source microchips, based on instructions received from the wound healing algorithm. A graphical user interface (GUI) provides intuitive user control and real-time data visualization, with support for multiple devices. In vivo studies over seven days showed that Flx\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$^+$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    -treated wounds had a trend toward lower M1\/M2 macrophage ratio and greater re-epithelialization compared to controls (standard-of-care), demonstrating the actuator\u2019s potential to enhance wound healing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26161-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T12:18:54Z","timestamp":1762517934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Development of a wireless bioelectronic actuator for wound healing in a porcine model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Prabhat","family":"Baniya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Tebyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan Shen","family":"Hee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houpu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narges","family":"Asefifeyzabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaelan","family":"Schorger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-ya","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Gallegos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celeste","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koushik","family":"Devarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexie","family":"Barbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Recendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Aslankoohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roslyn Rivkah","family":"Isseroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Rolandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mircea","family":"Teodorescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"26161_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6989","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.408850","volume":"11","author":"JP Cascales","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cascales, J. 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