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This study, the first of its kind in Egypt, investigates the occurrence and characteristics of\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    in bats to evaluate their potential role as reservoirs for this toxin-producing, environmentally persistent foodborne pathogen. Fifty fruit bats were captured using mist nets at foraging and roosting sites. The bats were identified morphologically, and for each bat, fecal swabs and internal organs were collected (n\u2009=\u2009100). The samples were examined bacteriologically to investigate the\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    detection then confirmed biochemically and via gram staining. DNA was extracted, and toxin genotyping was conducted using multiplex PCR for main toxin genes \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>cpa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>cpb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>etx<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>netB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>cpe<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u201d whereas uniplex PCR for\n                    <jats:italic>cpb2<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>cpb2<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene from four isolates were analyzed to determine genetic relatedness. Out of 100 samples examined,\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected in 31% (31\/100) of samples, with similar occurrence in internal organs (30%) and fecal swabs (32%). All isolates carried the\n                    <jats:italic>cpa<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene (100%), while\n                    <jats:italic>cpb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>cpe<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>cpb2<\/jats:italic>\n                    were detected in 83.9%, 64.5%, and 64.5% of isolates, respectively;\n                    <jats:italic>ia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>etx<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>netB<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were not detected. Notably, 35.5% of isolates harbored both\n                    <jats:italic>cpe<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>cpb2<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. Toxinotyping showed type C as predominant (83.9%), followed by type F (12.9%) and type A (3.2%), highlighting the epidemiological significance of type C strains. Phylogenetic analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>cpb2<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequences indicated high genetic similarity among bat isolates and close relationships with strains from domestic animals and environmental sources, suggesting possible shared habitats and horizontal gene transfer. These findings identify bats as potential reservoirs of toxigenic\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , reinforcing the importance of integrating wildlife into One Health surveillance strategies. This study reports the first detection of\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    from Egyptian fruit bats. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close genetic links to strains from domestic animals and environmental sources and these findings highlight bats\u2019 potential role as reservoirs of virulent\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens.<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26288-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:44:13Z","timestamp":1763459053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isolation, toxin gene profiling, and phylogenetic analysis of Clostridium perfringens in Egyptian fruit bats: public health and epidemiological implications"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Toka A.","family":"Allam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Abdel-kader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Kadry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"26288_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012189","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1012189","volume":"13","author":"L Federici","year":"2022","unstructured":"Federici, L., Masulli, M., De Laurenzi, V. & Allocati, N. 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