{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T07:15:21Z","timestamp":1766733321729,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant","award":["RS-2023-00212181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00212181"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly affected social networks and perceived satisfaction with neighborhoods, potentially affecting the mental health of older adults. This study investigated the changes in these factors and their association with depressive symptoms among Korean older adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The prevalence of depressive symptoms slightly increased during the pandemic (4.7\u20134.9%). Social networks weakened, whereas perceived neighborhood satisfaction improved. Notably, the protective effect of social networks against depressive symptoms became stronger during the pandemic, particularly among low-income individuals and those living in rural areas. Maintaining social networks is essential for promoting mental health resilience among older adults, especially during crises. Policymakers should thus prioritize interventions that strengthen community cohesion, provide governmental support, and facilitate social networking opportunities for vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26332-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T12:45:00Z","timestamp":1764247500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Social network, perceived satisfaction with neighborhoods and depressive symptoms among older adults in Korea"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jeehye","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seonji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye Sook","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Shin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"26332_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fiori, K. L., Antonucci, T. C. & Cortina, K. S. Social network typologies and mental health among older adults. J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 61, P25-32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/61.1.p25 (2006).","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/61.1.p25"},{"key":"26332_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5797","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219686110","volume":"110","author":"A Steptoe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P. & Wardle, J. Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 5797\u20135801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1219686110 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"26332_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, V., Morgan, T. & Fralick, A. J. G. P. Isolation and mental health: Thinking outside the box. 34 (2021).","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2020-100461"},{"key":"26332_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuller, H. R., Ajrouch, K. J. & Antonucci, T. C. J. J. o. F. T. & Review. The convoy model and later-life family relationships. 12, 126\u2013146 (2020).","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12376"},{"key":"26332_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adler, G. & Rottunda, S. J. J. o. A. s. Older adults\u2019 perspectives on driving cessation. 20, 227\u2013235 (2006).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaging.2005.09.003"},{"key":"26332_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027512469214","volume":"36","author":"AJ Lehning","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lehning, A. J., Smith, R. J. & Dunkle, R. E. Age-friendly environments and self-rated health: An exploration of Detroit elders. Res. Aging 36, 72\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0164027512469214 (2014).","journal-title":"Res. Aging"},{"key":"26332_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.53.6.647","volume":"53","author":"A Wandersman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wandersman, A. & Nation, M. Urban neighborhoods and mental health. Psychological contributions to Understanding toxicity, resilience, and interventions. Am. Psychol. 53, 647\u2013656 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"26332_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wilkinson, P., Ruane, C. & Tempest, K. Depression in older adults.  BMJ 363, k4922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k4922 (2018).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4922"},{"key":"26332_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-021-00375-x","volume":"20","author":"Y Zenebe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zenebe, Y., Akele, B., Selassie, W., Necho, M. & M. & Prevalence and determinants of depression among old age: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Gen. Psychiatry 20, 55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12991-021-00375-x (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"26332_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e74","volume":"38","author":"EJ Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, E. J. & Kim, S. J. Prevalence and related factors of depression before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from the Korea National health and nutrition examination survey. J. Korean Med. Sci. 38, e74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e74 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"26332_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Partington, L. C., Mashash, M. & Hastings, P. D. Family thriving during COVID-19 and the benefits for children\u2019s Well-Being. Front. Psychol. 13 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.879195"},{"key":"26332_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gayatri, M. & Puspitasari, M. D. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on family well-being: a literature review. Fam J. Alex Va. 5:10664807221131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10664807221131006 (2022).","DOI":"10.1177\/10664807221131006"},{"key":"26332_CR13","unstructured":"Korea, S. Elderly Welfare.  https:\/\/kosis.kr\/search\/search.do?query=%EB%85%B8%EC%9D%B8%EB%B3%B5%EC%A7%80 (2025)."},{"key":"26332_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrp.2015.05.003","volume":"6","author":"YW Kang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kang, Y. W. et al. Korea community health survey data profiles. Osong Public Health Res. Perspect. 6, 211\u2013217 (2015).","journal-title":"Osong Public. Health Res. Perspect."},{"key":"26332_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L. & Williams, J. B. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 16, 606\u2013613 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"26332_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02885-6","volume":"20","author":"Y Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun, Y. et al. The reliability and validity of PHQ-9 in patients with major depressive disorder in psychiatric hospital. BMC Psychiatry 20, 1\u20137 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"26332_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721005018","volume":"53","author":"JB Bae","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bae, J. B. et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression in community-dwelling older adults: A prospective cohort study. Psychol. Med. 53, 2992\u20132999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291721005018 (2023).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"26332_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0280642","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280642","volume":"18","author":"J Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, J., Choi, K. S. & Yun, J. A. The effects of sociodemographic factors on help-seeking for depression: Based on the 2017\u20132020 Korean community health survey. PloS One 18, e0280642 (2023).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"26332_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E191","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110829","volume":"184","author":"L Manea","year":"2012","unstructured":"Manea, L., Gilbody, S. & McMillan, D. Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9): A meta-analysis. CMAJ 184, E191\u2013E196 (2012).","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"26332_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14329","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121114329","volume":"12","author":"JA Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee, J. A., Park, J. H. & Kim, M. Social and physical environments and self-rated health in urban and rural communities in Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 12, 14329\u201314341 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"26332_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031269","volume":"18","author":"DH Yim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yim, D. H. & Kwon, Y. Does young adults\u2019 neighborhood environment affect their depressive mood? Insights from the 2019 Korean community health survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18, 1269 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"26332_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0312309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312309","volume":"19","author":"Y Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim, Y. & Lim, M. K. The potential role of perceived neighborhood social cohesion on COVID-19 vaccination uptake among individuals aged 50 and older: Results from the Korean community health survey. PloS One 19, e0312309 (2024).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"26332_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2006.03.007","volume":"92","author":"M Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee, M. & Kang, C. Identification for difference in differences with cross-section and panel data. Econ. Lett. 92, 270\u2013276 (2006).","journal-title":"Econ. Lett."},{"key":"26332_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Djernes, J. K. Prevalence and predictors of depression in populations of elderly: A review. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 113, 372\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00770.x (2006).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00770.x"},{"key":"26332_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16979","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74119-4","volume":"10","author":"GE Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, G. E., Jo, M. W. & Shin, Y. W. Increased prevalence of depression in South Korea from 2002 to 2013. Sci. Rep. 10, 16979 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"26332_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.101020","volume":"17","author":"K Sen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sen, K., Prybutok, G. & Prybutok, V. The use of digital technology for social wellbeing reduces social isolation in older adults: A systematic review. SSM Popul. Health 17, 101020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.101020 (2022).","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"26332_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kye, B. & Hwang, S. J. Social trust in the midst of pandemic crisis: Implications from COVID-19 of South Korea. Res. Social Strati. Mobil. 68, 100523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rssm.2020.100523 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rssm.2020.100523"},{"key":"26332_CR28","first-page":"32","volume":"1","author":"S E Taylor","year":"2012","unstructured":"E Taylor, S. Tend and befriend theory. J. H O T O S P. 1, 32\u201349 (2012).","journal-title":"J. H O T O S P"},{"key":"26332_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23449","volume":"79","author":"H Niemeyer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Niemeyer, H. & Knaevelsrud, C. Socioeconomic status and access to psychotherapy. J. Clin. Psychol. 79, 937\u2013953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.23449 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"26332_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa073","volume":"70","author":"D Koh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koh, D. COVID-19 lockdowns throughout the world. Occup. Med. 70, 322\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa073 (2020).","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"26332_CR31","unstructured":"Why informal networks will be key to the COVID-19 recovery. https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/stories\/2020\/04\/covid-19-why-informal-networks-will-be-key\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"26332_CR32","unstructured":"International Labour Organization (ILO). O. f. E. C.-o. a. D. O. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Jobs and Incomes in G20 Economies (ILO-OECD, 2020)."},{"key":"26332_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, J. A., Park, J. H. & Kim, M. Social and physical environments and self-rated health in urban and rural communities in Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 12, 14329\u201314341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph121114329 (2015).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121114329"},{"key":"26332_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kang, H. & Kim, D. H. Socioeconomic, health, and social connectedness factors associated with self-rated health of octogenarians and nonagenarians in South korea: Urban and rural comparison. BMC Public Health 24, 3477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-20984-x (2024).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20984-x"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26332-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26332-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26332-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T12:45:05Z","timestamp":1764247505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26332-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["26332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-26332-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Medical Center (approval number: NMC-2023-03-037) and was performed according to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Owing to the retrospective nature of this study, the requirement for informed consent for inclusion was waived by the same board that approved the study protocol.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"42319"}}