{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:59:09Z","timestamp":1790625549224,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Deanship at University of Ha\u2019il - Saudi Arabia","award":["RG-25 049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-25 049"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26413-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T13:35:44Z","timestamp":1764164144000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anatomical complexity in mandibular second molars: prevalence of C-shaped canals, radicular grooves, taurodontism, and radices molarum in Saudi population"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Madfa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah F.","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyad","family":"Almagadawyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebtsam A.","family":"Aledaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afaf","family":"Al-Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"26413_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0165329","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165329","volume":"11","author":"P Monsarrat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Monsarrat, P. et al. Interrelationships in the variability of root Canal anatomy among the permanent teeth: A Full-Mouth approach by Cone-Beam CT. PLoS One. 11, e0165329 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"26413_CR2","first-page":"72","volume":"6","author":"E Senan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Senan, E., Alhadainy, H. & Madfa, A. A. Root and Canal morphology of mandibular second molars in a Yemeni population: A Cone-beam computed tomography. Eur. Endod J. 6, 72\u201381 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. Endod J."},{"key":"26413_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06144-6","volume":"25","author":"R \u015eendi\u015f\u00e7i G\u00f6k","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u015eendi\u015f\u00e7i G\u00f6k, R., Tercanl\u0131, H. & Ekinci, A. Evaluation of root and Canal morphology of mandibular molar teeth by cone beam computed tomography: cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 25, 798 (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"26413_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01787-7","volume":"21","author":"F Gomez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gomez, F., Brea, G. & Gomez-Sosa, J. F. Root Canal morphology and variations in mandibular second molars: an in vivo cone-beam computed tomography analysis. BMC Oral Health. 21, 424 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"26413_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02939-7","volume":"23","author":"SM Saber","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saber, S. M. et al. Root and Canal morphology of mandibular second molars in an Egyptian subpopulation: a cone-beam computed tomography study. BMC Oral Health. 23, 217 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"26413_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.787","volume":"9","author":"M Shekarian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shekarian, M. & Majlesi, M. Zare Jahromi. Prevalence of C-shaped canals and three-rooted mandibular molars in the Iranian population by using cone-beam computed tomography. Clin. Exp. Dent. Res. 9, 906\u2013912 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"26413_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2014.11.006","volume":"41","author":"A Shemesh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shemesh, A. et al. Prevalence of 3- and 4-rooted first and second mandibular molars in the Israeli population. J. Endod. 41, 338\u2013342 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Endod"},{"key":"26413_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2025.07.012","author":"A Al-Haddad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Al-Haddad, A. et al. The worldwide prevalence of radix molaris in mandibular second molars assessed by cone beam computed tomography: systematic review and Meta-analysis. J. Endod. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2025.07.012 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Endod"},{"key":"26413_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.1990.tb00800.x","volume":"23","author":"SA Manning","year":"1990","unstructured":"Manning, S. A. Root Canal anatomy of mandibular second molars. Part I. Int. Endod J. 23, 34\u201339 (1990).","journal-title":"Int. Endod J."},{"key":"26413_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13169","volume":"52","author":"JNR Martins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martins, J. N. R. et al. Prevalence of C-shaped Canal morphology using cone beam computed tomography - a systematic review with meta-analysis. Int. Endod J. 52, 1556\u20131572 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. Endod J."},{"key":"26413_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1097\/01.don.0000136207.12204.e4","volume":"30","author":"B Fan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fan, B. et al. C-shaped Canal system in mandibular second molars: part I\u2013Anatomical features. J. Endod. 30, 899\u2013903 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Endod"},{"key":"26413_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4103\/JCD.JCD_74_18","volume":"21","author":"P Amoroso-Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amoroso-Silva, P. et al. Analysis of mandibular second molars with fused roots and shallow radicular grooves by using micro-computed tomography. J. Conserv. Dent. 21, 169\u2013174 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"26413_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2021.232","volume":"41","author":"AH Jabali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jabali, A. H. et al. Taurodontism in maxillary and mandibular molars using cone beam computed tomography in a dental center in Saudi Arabia. Ann. Saudi Med. 41, 232\u2013237 (2021).","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"26413_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02305-z","volume":"22","author":"MI Almansour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Almansour, M. I. et al. Comprehensive evaluation of root and root Canal morphology of mandibular second molars in a Saudi subpopulation evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography. BMC Oral Health. 22, 267 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"26413_CR15","first-page":"e47554","volume":"15","author":"AS Alsanah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alsanah, A. S. et al. Prevalence of middle mesial Canal in mandibular molars of a Saudi subpopulation: A prospective Cone-Beam computed tomography study. Cureus 15, e47554 (2023).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"26413_CR16","first-page":"e25343","volume":"14","author":"Y Alnowailaty","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alnowailaty, Y. & Alghamdi, F. The C-shaped Canal system in mandibular molars of a Saudi Arabian population: prevalence and root Canal configurations using Cone-Beam computed tomography. Cureus 14, e25343 (2022).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"26413_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1978.tb01150.x","volume":"6","author":"A Shifman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Shifman, A. & Chanannel, I. Prevalence of taurodontism found in radiographic dental examination of 1,200 young adult Israeli patients. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 6, 200\u2013203 (1978).","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"26413_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2006.05.007","volume":"33","author":"FL Calberson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Calberson, F. L., De Moor, R. J. & Deroose, C. A. The radix entomolaris and paramolaris: clinical approach in endodontics. J. Endod. 33, 58\u201363 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Endod"},{"key":"26413_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.04.016","volume":"43","author":"M von Zuben","year":"2017","unstructured":"von Zuben, M. et al. Worldwide prevalence of mandibular second molar C-Shaped morphologies evaluated by Cone-Beam computed tomography. J. Endod. 43, 1442\u20131447 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Endod"},{"key":"26413_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2009.01578.x","volume":"42","author":"AA Al-Qudah","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al-Qudah, A. A. & Awawdeh, L. A. Root and Canal morphology of mandibular first and second molar teeth in a Jordanian population. Int. Endod J. 42, 775\u2013784 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. Endod J."},{"key":"26413_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2018.43.e42","volume":"43","author":"HS Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, H. S. et al. C-shaped root canals of mandibular second molars in a Korean population: a CBCT analysis. Restor. Dent. Endod. 43, e42 (2018).","journal-title":"Restor. Dent. Endod"},{"key":"26413_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.04.001","volume":"36","author":"P Neelakantan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Neelakantan, P. et al. Root and Canal morphology of mandibular second molars in an Indian Poulation. J. Endod. 36, 1319\u20131322 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Endod"},{"key":"26413_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S. E., Lee, T. Y. & Kim, K. J. Prevalence and Morphology of C-Shaped Canals: A CBCT Analysis in a Korean Population. Scanning 2021, 9152004 (2021).","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9152004"},{"key":"26413_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(84)90085-9","volume":"58","author":"FJ Vertucci","year":"1984","unstructured":"Vertucci, F. J. Root Canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 58, 589\u2013599 (1984).","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"26413_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0143-2885.2004.00772.x","volume":"37","author":"MS Seo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seo, M. S. & Park, D. S. C-shaped root canals of mandibular second molars in a Korean population: clinical observation and in vitro analysis. Int. Endod J. 37, 139\u2013144 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. Endod J."},{"key":"26413_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12867","volume":"51","author":"HMA Ahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed, H. M. A. & Dummer, P. M. H. A new system for classifying tooth, root and Canal anomalies. Int. Endod J. 51, 389\u2013404 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. Endod J."},{"key":"26413_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440201601784","volume":"28","author":"E Boschetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boschetti, E. et al. Micro-CT evaluation of root and Canal morphology of mandibular first premolars with radicular grooves. Braz Dent. J. 28, 597\u2013603 (2017).","journal-title":"Braz Dent. J."},{"key":"26413_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1993.tb00715.x","volume":"20","author":"GL Hou","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hou, G. L. & Tsai, C. C. Relationship between palato-radicular grooves and localized periodontitis. J. Clin. Periodontol. 20, 678\u2013682 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol"},{"key":"26413_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2025.50.e18","volume":"50","author":"E Aslan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aslan, E. et al. Dentin thickness of C-shaped root Canal walls in mandibular premolars based on cone-beam computed tomography: a retrospective cross-sectional study. Restor. Dent. Endod. 50, e18 (2025).","journal-title":"Restor. Dent. Endod"},{"key":"26413_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2008.01388.x","volume":"41","author":"H Jafarzadeh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jafarzadeh, H., Azarpazhooh, A. & Mayhall, J. T. Taurodontism: a review of the condition and endodontic treatment challenges. Int. Endod J. 41, 375\u2013388 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. Endod J."},{"key":"26413_CR31","first-page":"282","volume":"12","author":"D Jamshidi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jamshidi, D. et al. Prevalence of Taurodont molars in a selected Iranian adult population. Iran. Endod J. 12, 282\u2013287 (2017).","journal-title":"Iran. Endod J."},{"key":"26413_CR32","first-page":"105","volume":"2","author":"AK Baranwal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baranwal, A. K. & Taurodontism An anatomical challenge to clinical endodontics. Ann. Prosthodont. Restor. Dent. 2, 105\u2013109 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Prosthodont. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"26413_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5988","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12185988","volume":"12","author":"J Pach","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pach, J. et al. Prevalence of taurodontism in contemporary and historical populations from radom: A biometric analysis of radiological data. J. Clin. Med. 12, 5988 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"26413_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.09.004","volume":"107","author":"JS Song","year":"2009","unstructured":"Song, J. S. et al. Incidence and relationship of an additional root in the mandibular first permanent molar and primary molars. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 107, e56\u201360 (2009).","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod"},{"key":"26413_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madfa, A. A. et al. Cone beam computed tomography analysis of the root and Canal morphology of the maxillary second molars in a hail Province of the Saudi population. Heliyon 9(9), e19477 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19477"},{"key":"26413_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madfa, A. A. et al. Prevalence of radix entomolaris and distolingual canals and their association with the incidence of middle mesial canals in mandibular first molars of a Saudi subpopulation. Sci. Rep. 15, 37384 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-20045-2"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26413-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26413-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26413-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T13:35:46Z","timestamp":1764164146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26413-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["26413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-26413-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Ha\u2019il Health Cluster, Saudi Arabia approved the protocol of this study. Informed consent waived as the study retrospective. All methods were performed in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent participate"}}],"article-number":"42224"}}