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Rats were assigned to (1) control group, (2) alkali burn group, and (3) stem cells group. Corneal surface investigations were performed using a slit lamp and fluorescence tests. The therapeutic impact of BM-MSCs was appraised by estimating the protein levels of TNF-\u03b1, SOD, VEGF, MMP-2, and IL-8 using ELISA. Moreover, mRNA transcription levels of corneal TNF-\u03b1, NF-kB, COX-2, and caspase-3 were quantified. Histological investigation and immunostaining of corneal cytokeratin 3 and p63 proteins were also conducted. The results indicated that BM-MSCs treatment enhanced the corneal wound healing, decreased corneal opacity, and neovascularization. Moreover, such treatment resulted in a significant decline in corneal TNF-\u03b1, IL-8, VEGF, and MMP-2 protein levels. Additionally, stem cells group elicited a significant down-expression of TNF-\u03b1, NF-\u03baB, COX-2, and caspase-3 genes. Besides, BM-MSCs treatment restored the corneal epithelial integrity and ameliorated the pathological characteristics, as confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Conclusively, the present investigation underscores the healing ability of BM-MSCs in LSCD in the rat model by repairing the damaged corneal epithelium through withstanding inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Consequently, MSCs transplantation represents a promising therapeutic modality for LSCD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26637-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T20:44:22Z","timestamp":1763671462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in restoring limbal stem cell deficiency in rat model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5007-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"El-Desouky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9085-4063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia Samy","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fayek M.","family":"Ghaleb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1646-0856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma B.","family":"Rashidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman M. 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