{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T23:06:09Z","timestamp":1764716769729,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26726-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T10:12:13Z","timestamp":1764324733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative assessment of the corneal subbasal nerve plexus in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and optic pathway glioma using in vivo confocal microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hossein","family":"Ghahvehchian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Golshan","family":"Latifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Aghsaei Fard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"26726_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.02.044","volume":"275","author":"E Midena","year":"2025","unstructured":"Midena, E. & Cosmo, E. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-Related ocular signs: new insights on their Prevalence, Incidence, and Genotype-Phenotype correlation in NF1 children. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 275, 58\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.02.044 (2025).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"26726_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cosmo, E. et al. Choroidal abnormalities in pediatric NF1: A cohort natural history study. Cancers (Basel). 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14061423 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14061423"},{"key":"26726_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/iae.0000000000001578","volume":"38","author":"R Parrozzani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parrozzani, R. et al. A study using optical coherence tomography angiography. Retina 38, 585\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/iae.0000000000001578 (2018).","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"26726_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2017.10.007","volume":"63","author":"M Kinori","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kinori, M., Hodgson, N. & Zeid, J. L. Ophthalmic manifestations in neurofibromatosis type 1. Surv. Ophthalmol. 63, 518\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2017.10.007 (2018).","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"26726_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-200101000-00004","volume":"41","author":"SK Kim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim, S. K. & Dohlman, C. H. Causes of enlarged corneal nerves. Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 41, 13\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004397-200101000-00004 (2001).","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol. Clin."},{"key":"26726_CR6","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"JH Mensher","year":"1974","unstructured":"Mensher, J. H. Corneal nerves. Surv. Ophthalmol. 19, 1\u201318 (1974).","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"26726_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315449","volume":"105","author":"G Giannaccare","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giannaccare, G. et al. Bilateral morphometric analysis of corneal sub-basal nerve plexus in patients undergoing unilateral cataract surgery: a preliminary in vivo confocal microscopy study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 105, 174\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315449 (2021).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"26726_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roszkowska, A. M. et al. Corneal Sub-Basal nerve plexus in Non-Diabetic small fiber polyneuropathies and the diagnostic role of in vivo corneal confocal microscopy. J. Clin. Med. 12 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12020664 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020664"},{"key":"26726_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13313","volume":"11","author":"H Gad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gad, H. et al. Corneal nerve loss in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus without retinopathy or microalbuminuria. J. Diabetes Investig. 11, 1594\u20131601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdi.13313 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"26726_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.1590","volume":"135","author":"G Bitirgen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bitirgen, G., Akpinar, Z., Malik, R. A. & Ozkagnici, A. Use of corneal confocal microscopy to detect corneal nerve loss and increased dendritic cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 135, 777\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.1590 (2017).","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"26726_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28602","volume":"36","author":"SH Lim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lim, S. H. et al. Corneal confocal microscopy identifies parkinson\u2019s disease with more rapid motor progression. Mov. Disord. 36, 1927\u20131934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28602 (2021).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord"},{"key":"26726_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.746","volume":"6","author":"G Ponirakis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ponirakis, G. et al. Association of corneal nerve fiber measures with cognitive function in dementia. Ann. Clin. Transl Neurol. 6, 689\u2013697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.746 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl Neurol."},{"key":"26726_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319450","volume":"106","author":"G Bitirgen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bitirgen, G. et al. Corneal confocal microscopy identifies corneal nerve fibre loss and increased dendritic cells in patients with long COVID. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 106, 1635\u20131641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319450 (2022).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"26726_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cosmo, E., Midena, G., Parrozzani, R. & Midena, E. Chemotherapy induced corneal changes assessed by corneal confocal microscopy: A review. Diagnostics (Basel). 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14212399 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14212399"},{"key":"26726_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2733","volume":"38","author":"S Azmi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azmi, S. et al. Corneal confocal microscopy identifies Small-Fiber neuropathy in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance who develop type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 38, 1502\u20131508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc14-2733 (2015).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"26726_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0000000000000152","volume":"33","author":"C Dehghani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dehghani, C. et al. Fully automated, semiautomated, and manual morphometric analysis of corneal Subbasal nerve plexus in individuals with and without diabetes. Cornea 33, 696\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ico.0000000000000152 (2014).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"26726_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1109\/tbme.2016.2573642","volume":"64","author":"X Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, X. et al. An automatic tool for quantification of nerve fibers in corneal confocal microscopy images. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 64, 786\u2013794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tbme.2016.2573642 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"26726_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2011.05.016","volume":"15","author":"MA Dabbah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dabbah, M. A., Graham, J., Petropoulos, I. N., Tavakoli, M. & Malik, R. A. Automatic analysis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy using multi-scale quantitative morphology of nerve fibres in corneal confocal microscopy imaging. Med. Image Anal. 15, 738\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2011.05.016 (2011).","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"26726_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neurofibromatosis. Conference statement. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference. Arch Neurol 45, 575\u2013578. (1988).","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520290115023"},{"key":"26726_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7091","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12999","volume":"54","author":"M Parissi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parissi, M. et al. Standardized baseline human corneal Subbasal nerve density for clinical investigations with laser-scanning in vivo confocal microscopy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 54, 7091\u20137102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.13-12999 (2013).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"26726_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.12.3","volume":"12","author":"LRM Raasing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Raasing, L. R. M. et al. Fully Automatic, Semiautomatic, and manual corneal nerve fiber analysis in patients with sarcoidosis. Transl Vis. Sci. Technol. 12, 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.12.12.3 (2023).","journal-title":"Transl Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"26726_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13787","volume":"55","author":"IN Petropoulos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Petropoulos, I. N. et al. Rapid automated diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with in vivo corneal confocal microscopy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 55, 2071\u20132078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.13-13787 (2014).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"26726_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200105000-00008","volume":"20","author":"L Oliveira-Soto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oliveira-Soto, L. & Efron, N. Morphology of corneal nerves using confocal microscopy. Cornea 20, 374\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003226-200105000-00008 (2001).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"26726_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu, F., Zhao, Y. & Zhang, H. Ocular autonomic nervous system: an update from anatomy to physiological functions. Vis. (Basel). 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vision6010006 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/vision6010006"},{"key":"26726_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-4835(03)00050-2","volume":"76","author":"LJ M\u00fcller","year":"2003","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, L. J., Marfurt, C. F., Kruse, F. & Tervo, T. M. Corneal nerves: structure, contents and function. Exp. Eye Res. 76, 521\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0014-4835(03)00050-2 (2003).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"26726_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0689","volume":"45","author":"PJ Murphy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Murphy, P. J., Patel, S., Kong, N., Ryder, R. E. & Marshall, J. Noninvasive assessment of corneal sensitivity in young and elderly diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 1737\u20131742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.03-0689 (2004).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"26726_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.13.22","volume":"10","author":"MS Schenk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schenk, M. S. et al. Advances in imaging of Subbasal corneal nerves with Micro-Optical coherence tomography. Transl Vis. Sci. Technol. 10, 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.10.13.22 (2021).","journal-title":"Transl Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"26726_CR28","first-page":"985","volume":"38","author":"LJ M\u00fcller","year":"1997","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, L. J., Vrensen, G. F., Pels, L., Cardozo, B. N. & Willekens, B. Architecture of human corneal nerves. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 38, 985\u2013994 (1997).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"26726_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e928","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14432","volume":"98","author":"E Flockerzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Flockerzi, E., Daas, L. & Seitz, B. Structural changes in the corneal Subbasal nerve plexus in keratoconus. Acta Ophthalmol. 98, e928\u2013e932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.14432 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"26726_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317891","volume":"106","author":"H Dermer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dermer, H., Hwang, J., Mittal, R., Cohen, A. K. & Galor, A. Corneal sub-basal nerve plexus microneuromas in individuals with and without dry eye. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 106, 616\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317891 (2022).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"26726_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-025-01112-3","volume":"14","author":"B Della Franca","year":"2025","unstructured":"Della Franca, B. et al. Bilateral in vivo confocal microscopic changes of the corneal Subbasal nerve plexus in patients with acute herpes Zoster ophthalmicus. Ophthalmol. Ther. 14, 941\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40123-025-01112-3 (2025).","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"26726_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.270","volume":"26","author":"K Kurbanyan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kurbanyan, K., Hoesl, L. M., Schrems, W. A. & Hamrah, P. Corneal nerve alterations in acute acanthamoeba and fungal keratitis: an in vivo confocal microscopy study. Eye (Lond). 26, 126\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2011.270 (2012).","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"26726_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100214","volume":"3","author":"M Gillings","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gillings, M. et al. Loss of corneal nerves and corneal haze in patients with fuchs\u2019 endothelial corneal dystrophy with the transcription factor 4 gene trinucleotide repeat expansion. Ophthalmol. Sci. 3, 100214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100214 (2023).","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Sci."},{"key":"26726_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2012.707276","volume":"27","author":"AN Shukla","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shukla, A. N., Cruzat, A. & Hamrah, P. Confocal microscopy of corneal dystrophies. Semin Ophthalmol. 27, 107\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08820538.2012.707276 (2012).","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"26726_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0000000000003948","author":"N Baghdasaryan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baghdasaryan, N. et al. In vivo confocal microscopy of corneal Subbasal nerve plexus detects early Chemotherapy-Induced polyneuropathy. Cornea https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ico.0000000000003948 (2025).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"26726_CR36","first-page":"176","volume":"7","author":"MA Javadi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Javadi, M. A. et al. Confocal scan imaging and impression cytology of the cornea in a case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type-2b. J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res. 7, 176\u2013179 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"26726_CR37","unstructured":"Abd Rabou A. F. N. AAAAAAO. (1991)."},{"key":"26726_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-023-03005-0","volume":"23","author":"L Yin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yin, L. et al. Prominent corneal nerves in pure mucosal neuroma syndrome, a clinical phenotype distinct from multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B. BMC Ophthalmol. 23, 260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-023-03005-0 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"26726_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200301000-00014","volume":"22","author":"V S\u00e1nchez-Huerta","year":"2003","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Huerta, V. et al. A corneal diffuse neurofibroma as a manifestation of von Recklinghausen disease. Cornea 22, 59\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003226-200301000-00014 (2003).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"26726_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.03.039","volume":"151","author":"Q Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, Q. et al. Quantitative analysis of corneal nerve fibers in type 2 diabetics with and without diabetic peripheral neuropathy: comparison of manual and automated assessments. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 151, 33\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.03.039 (2019).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26726-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26726-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26726-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T23:01:10Z","timestamp":1764716470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26726-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["26726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-26726-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-2322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"42621"}}