{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T14:46:35Z","timestamp":1782139595322,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26859-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T10:14:35Z","timestamp":1764324875000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Alterations in the gastric and small intestinal microbiota of mice exposed to short-term and long-term hypoxia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xingchen","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuexin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangli","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dezhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqiu","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"26859_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00924-9","volume":"21","author":"J-P Richalet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Richalet, J.-P., Hermand, E. & Lhuissier, F. J. Cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology at high altitude. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 21, 75\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-023-00924-9 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"26859_CR2","first-page":"147","volume":"27","author":"AC Anand","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anand, A. C., Sashindran, V. K. & Mohan, L. Gastrointestinal problems at high altitude. Trop. Gastroenterol. 27, 147\u2013153 (2006).","journal-title":"Trop. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"26859_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.11.036","volume":"18","author":"H Fruehauf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fruehauf, H. et al. Evaluation of acute mountain sickness by unsedated transnasal esophagogastroduodenoscopy at high altitude. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 2218-2225.e2212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.11.036 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"26859_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i5.774","volume":"13","author":"TY Wu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wu, T. Y. et al. High-altitude gastrointestinal bleeding: an observation in Qinghai-Tibetan railroad construction workers on Mountain Tanggula. World J. Gastroenterol. 13, 774\u2013780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v13.i5.774 (2007).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"26859_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R192","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00270.2021","volume":"322","author":"ZJ McKenna","year":"2022","unstructured":"McKenna, Z. J. et al. High-altitude exposures and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 322, R192-r203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00270.2021 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"26859_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2018.0031","volume":"20","author":"K Khanna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khanna, K. et al. Effects of acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia on mucosal barrier injury and the gastrointestinal immune axis in rats. High. Alt. Med. Biol. 20, 35\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ham.2018.0031 (2019).","journal-title":"High. Alt. Med. Biol."},{"key":"26859_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.690600","volume":"12","author":"N Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han, N., Pan, Z., Liu, G., Yang, R. & Yujing, B. Hypoxia: The \u201cInvisible Pusher\u201d of gut microbiota. Front. Microbiol. 12, 690600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.690600 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"26859_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01626-22","volume":"10","author":"X Bai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bai, X. et al. Changes in the gut microbiota of rats in high-altitude hypoxic environments. Microbiol. Spectr. 10, e0162622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01626-22 (2022).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"26859_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369627","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1369627","volume":"15","author":"D Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, D. et al. High-altitude-induced alterations in intestinal microbiota. Front. Microbiol. 15, 1369627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1369627 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"26859_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09646","volume":"469","author":"S Fukuda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fukuda, S. et al. Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate. Nature 469, 543\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature09646 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"26859_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.09.012","volume":"9","author":"J Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma, J., Piao, X., Mahfuz, S., Long, S. & Wang, J. The interaction among gut microbes, the intestinal barrier and short chain fatty acids. Anim. Nutr. 9, 159\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.09.012 (2022).","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"26859_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.02.007","volume":"11","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghosh, S., Whitley, C. S., Haribabu, B. & Jala, V. R. Regulation of intestinal barrier function by microbial metabolites. Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11, 1463\u20131482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.02.007 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"26859_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14905","volume":"28","author":"TA Suzuki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suzuki, T. A., Martins, F. M. & Nachman, M. W. Altitudinal variation of the gut microbiota in wild house mice. Mol. Ecol. 28, 2378\u20132390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.14905 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"26859_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.05.085","volume":"516","author":"Y Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma, Y. et al. Gut microbiota adaptation to high altitude in indigenous animals. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 516, 120\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.05.085 (2019).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"26859_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2020.126447","volume":"235","author":"B Zeng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeng, B. et al. Gut microbiota of Tibetans and Tibetan pigs varies between high and low altitude environments. Microbiol. Res. 235, 126447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micres.2020.126447 (2020).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"26859_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00660-19","author":"Z Jia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jia, Z. et al. Impacts of the plateau environment on the gut microbiota and blood clinical indexes in Han and Tibetan individuals. mSystems https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSystems.00660-19 (2020).","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"26859_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-013-0241-y","volume":"58","author":"A Adak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adak, A., Maity, C., Ghosh, K., Pati, B. R. & Mondal, K. C. Dynamics of predominant microbiota in the human gastrointestinal tract and change in luminal enzymes and immunoglobulin profile during high-altitude adaptation. Folia Microbiol. (Praha) 58, 523\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12223-013-0241-y (2013).","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol. (Praha)"},{"key":"26859_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-024-03373-w","volume":"25","author":"Q Su","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su, Q. et al. Gut microbiota contributes to high-altitude hypoxia acclimatization of human populations. Genome Biol. 25, 232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13059-024-03373-w (2024).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"26859_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14682","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14682","volume":"5","author":"L Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, L. & Zhao, X. Comparative analyses of fecal microbiota in Tibetan and Chinese Han living at low or high altitude by barcoded 454 pyrosequencing. Sci. Rep. 5, 14682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep14682 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"26859_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16982","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17194-4","volume":"7","author":"D Lan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lan, D. et al. Correlations between gut microbiota community structures of Tibetans and geography. Sci. Rep. 7, 16982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-17194-4 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"26859_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1003","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00253.2018","volume":"315","author":"JP Karl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karl, J. P. et al. Associations between the gut microbiota and host responses to high altitude. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 315, G1003-g1015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00253.2018 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"26859_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2024.102718","volume":"59","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Gastrointestinal syndrome encountered during a train voyage to high altitudes: A 14-day survey of 69 passengers in China. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 59, 102718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2024.102718 (2024).","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"26859_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02663-6","volume":"22","author":"D Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, D. et al. Oral administration of Robinia pseudoacacia L. flower exosome-like nanoparticles attenuates gastric and small intestinal mucosal ferroptosis caused by hypoxia through inhibiting HIF-1\u03b1- and HIF-2\u03b1-mediated lipid peroxidation. J. Nanobiotechnol. 22, 479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-024-02663-6 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"26859_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-022-03031-4","volume":"204","author":"F Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, F., Zhang, H., Xu, T., Hu, Y. & Jiang, Y. Acute exposure to simulated high-altitude hypoxia alters gut microbiota in mice. Arch. Microbiol. 204, 412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00203-022-03031-4 (2022).","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"26859_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851140","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.851140","volume":"12","author":"T Anjana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anjana, T. & Tiwari, S. K. Bacteriocin-producing probiotic lactic acid bacteria in controlling dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 12, 851140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.851140 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"26859_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.15567\/mljekarstvo.2020.0301","volume":"70","author":"ID Spehar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spehar, I. D. et al. Antimicrobial activity of bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria on listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium tyrobutyricum in cheese production. Mljekarstvo 70, 135\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15567\/mljekarstvo.2020.0301 (2020).","journal-title":"Mljekarstvo"},{"key":"26859_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2003.08.008","volume":"14","author":"TD Boylston","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boylston, T. D., Vinderola, C. G., Ghoddusi, H. B. & Reinheimer, J. A. Incorporation of bifidobacteria into cheeses: Challenges and rewards. Int. Dairy J. 14, 375\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idairyj.2003.08.008 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26859-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26859-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26859-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T10:14:35Z","timestamp":1764324875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-26859-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["26859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-26859-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Tsinghua University (protocol #24-CZJ4).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"42615"}}