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This study explores computational models to predict surgical outcomes of SAC by linking biomechanics with bone regeneration and cranial remodeling. Fifteen 3-week-old Sprague\u2013Dawley (SD) rats underwent SAC with nickel-titanium springs (0\u2013100\u00a0g forces). Bone regeneration was tracked via fluorescence labeling, while micro-CT scans measured cephalic index (CI), bone mineral density (BMD), and bone volume fraction (BV\/TV). Finite element analysis (FEA) simulated stress and strain distributions. Regression models were established to predict the relationship between mechanical indicators and surgical outcomes. The 50\u00a0g group achieved optimal bone regeneration and cranial correction, while\u2009&gt;\u200980\u00a0g forces risked bone damage. FEA indicates stress and strain over the bone are influenced by spring force, rat geometry, and bone density. Regression analysis revealed linear strain-CI relationships and quadratic strain-BV\/TV and strain-BMD relationship. Moderate spring force (50\u00a0g) or strain (1.0%) enhances osteogenesis without structural compromise. Computational models provide a biomechanically grounded framework for SAC optimization, advancing precision treatment for sagittal craniosynostosis. Future studies should validate findings in disease-specific models and assess long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-27092-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T11:12:14Z","timestamp":1764760334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Predicting surgical outcomes in spring assisted cranioplasty via finite element analysis and animal experiments"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bozhi","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuehua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond Chung Wen","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"27092_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0294879","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294879","volume":"18","author":"J Jacob","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jacob, J. & Bozkurt, S. 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