{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T05:03:50Z","timestamp":1766120630470,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82074529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82074529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Li Yikai Guangdong Province Famous Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Studio Construction Project","award":["Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine Office Letter 2023_108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine Office Letter 2023_108"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SZZYSM202108013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZZYSM202108013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-27197-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T09:04:45Z","timestamp":1765962285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioinformatic analysis of glycosylation-related genes in intervertebral disc degeneration and their roles in immune infiltration and diagnostic models"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gaofeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingguang","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weixing","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yikai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"34","key":"27197_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a2368","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba2368","volume":"6","author":"PA Hernandez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hernandez, P. A., Jacobsen, T. D. & Chahine, N. O. Actomyosin contractility confers mechanoprotection against TNFalpha-induced disruption of the intervertebral disc. Sci. Adv. 6 (34), a2368 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"8","key":"27197_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568218770769","volume":"8","author":"VM Ravindra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ravindra, V. M. et al. Degenerative lumbar spine disease: estimating global incidence and worldwide Volume. Global Spine J. 8 (8), 784\u2013794 (2018).","journal-title":"Global Spine J."},{"issue":"1","key":"27197_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-005-0054-3","volume":"78","author":"D Karasik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karasik, D. et al. Abdominal aortic calcification and exostoses at the hand and lumbar spine: the framingham study. Calcif Tissue Int. 78 (1), 1\u20138 (2006).","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int."},{"key":"27197_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cazzanelli, P. & Wuertz-kozak, K. MicroRNAs in intervertebral disc degeneration, apoptosis, inflammation, and mechanobiology. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21(10), 3601 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103601"},{"issue":"7","key":"27197_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.01.003","volume":"29","author":"J Eichler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eichler J. Protein glycosylation. Curr. Biol. 29 (7), R229\u2013R231 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"27197_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00380","volume":"9","author":"A Peixoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peixoto, A. et al. Protein glycosylation and tumor microenvironment alterations driving cancer Hallmarks. Front. Oncol. 9, 380 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"27197_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12590","volume":"281","author":"S Schedin-weiss","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schedin-weiss, S., Winblad, B. & Tjernberg, L. O. The role of protein glycosylation in alzheimer disease. FEBS J. 281 (1), 46\u201362 (2014).","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"issue":"10","key":"27197_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2010.02.017","volume":"345","author":"M Pabst","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pabst, M. et al. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha alter the glycophenotype of primary human chondrocytes in vitro. Carbohydr. Res. 345 (10), 1389\u20131393 (2010).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"27197_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188774","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1188774","volume":"14","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. MAPK8 and CAPN1 as potential biomarkers of intervertebral disc degeneration overlapping immune infiltration, autophagy, and ceRNA. Front. Immunol. 14, 1188774 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"27197_CR10","first-page":"2496","volume":"11","author":"H Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, H. et al. Vitamin D retards intervertebral disc degeneration through inactivation of the NF-kappaB pathway in mice. Am. J. Transl Res. 11 (4), 2496\u20132506 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"27197_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2022.113230","volume":"417","author":"R Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, R. et al. Nucleus pulposus cell senescence is regulated by substrate stiffness and is alleviated by LOX possibly through the integrin beta1-p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Exp. Cell. Res. 417 (2), 113230 (2022).","journal-title":"Exp. Cell. Res."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"27197_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-022-01707-2","volume":"27","author":"ZL Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, Z. L. et al. SKI knockdown suppresses apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation of nucleus pulposus cells via Inhibition of the Wnt\/beta-catenin pathway and ameliorates disc degeneration. Apoptosis 27 (1\u20132), 133\u2013148 (2022).","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"issue":"24","key":"27197_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14764","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205289","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Conjoint research of WGCNA, single-cell transcriptome and structural biology reveals the potential targets of IDD development and treatment and JAK3 involvement. Aging (Albany NY). 15 (24), 14764\u201314790 (2023).","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"1","key":"27197_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01902-4","volume":"15","author":"S Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu, S. et al. Analysis of key genes and pathways associated with the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 15 (1), 371 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"27197_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu, Z. et al. Integrative bioinformatics analysis revealed mitochondrial Dysfunction-Related genes underlying intervertebral disc Degeneration. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 1372483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/1372483 (2022).","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1372483"},{"issue":"9","key":"27197_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e222188","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222188","volume":"14","author":"A Ikuno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ikuno, A. et al. Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation profile identifies differentially methylated loci associated with human intervertebral disc degeneration. PLoS One. 14 (9), e222188 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"27197_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170758","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1170758","volume":"11","author":"XW Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, X. W. et al. Role of ferroptosis and immune infiltration in intervertebral disc degeneration: novel insights from bioinformatics analyses. Front. Cell. Dev. Biol. 11, 1170758 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"2_suppl","key":"27197_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582S","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603520973247","volume":"13","author":"Q Yan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yan, Q. et al. Bioinformatics-Based research on key genes and pathways of intervertebral disc Degeneration. Cartilage 13 (2_suppl), 582S\u2013591S (2021).","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"issue":"1","key":"27197_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06854-4","volume":"24","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. et al. GREM1, LRPPRC and SLC39A4 as potential biomarkers of intervertebral disc degeneration: a bioinformatics analysis based on multiple microarray and single-cell sequencing data. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 24 (1), 729 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord"},{"issue":"Database issue","key":"27197_CR20","first-page":"D991","volume":"41","author":"T Barrett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barrett, T. et al. NCBI GEO: archive for functional genomics data sets\u2013update. Nucleic Acids Res. 41 (Database issue), D991\u2013D995 (2013).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"27197_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm254","volume":"23","author":"S Davis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Davis, S. & Meltzer, P. S. GEOquery: a bridge between the gene expression omnibus (GEO) and BioConductor. Bioinformatics 23 (14), 1846\u20131847 (2007).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"27197_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.5","volume":"54","author":"G Stelzer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stelzer, G. et al. The genecards suite: from gene data mining to disease genome sequence analyses. Curr. Protoc. Bioinf. 54, 1\u201330 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Bioinf."},{"issue":"12","key":"27197_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr260","volume":"27","author":"A Liberzon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liberzon, A. et al. Molecular signatures database (MSigDB) 3.0. Bioinformatics 27 (12), 1739\u20131740 (2011).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"27197_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L. & Ling, Y. Yang, H. Comprehensive analysis of the potential prognostic value of 11 glycosylation-related genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and their correlation with PD-L1 expression and immune infiltration. J. Oncol. 2022, 2786680. (2022).","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2786680"},{"issue":"4","key":"27197_CR25","first-page":"383","volume":"99","author":"SK Ben","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ben S. K. & Ben, A. A. Principal component analysis (PCA). Tunis Med. 99 (4), 383\u2013389 (2021).","journal-title":"Tunis Med."},{"key":"27197_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-244","volume":"14","author":"H Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, H. & Meltzer, P. RCircos: an R package for circos 2D track plots. BMC Bioinform. 14, 244 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"issue":"D1","key":"27197_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D419","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1038","volume":"47","author":"H Mi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mi, H. et al. PANTHER version 14: more genomes, a new PANTHER GO-slim and improvements in enrichment analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 47 (D1), D419\u2013D426 (2019).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"27197_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","volume":"28","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kanehisa, M. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and Genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 28 (1), 27\u201330 (2000).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"27197_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3715","volume":"28","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kanehisa M. Toward Understanding the origin and evolution of cellular organisms. Protein Sci. 28 (11), 1947\u20131951 (2019).","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"issue":"D1","key":"27197_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D587","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac963","volume":"51","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kanehisa, M. et al. KEGG for taxonomy-based analysis of pathways and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 51 (D1), D587\u2013D592 (2023).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"27197_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2011.0118","volume":"16","author":"G Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu, G. et al. ClusterProfiler: an R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters. OMICS 16 (5), 284\u2013287 (2012).","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"issue":"43","key":"27197_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","volume":"102","author":"A Subramanian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Subramanian, A. et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 102 (43), 15545\u201315550 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"issue":"11","key":"27197_CR33","first-page":"1791","volume":"33","author":"W Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis in biomedicine research . Sheng Wu Gong. Cheng Xue Bao. 33 (11), 1791\u20131801 (2017).","journal-title":"Sheng Wu Gong. Cheng Xue Bao"},{"key":"27197_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-559","volume":"9","author":"P Langfelder","year":"2008","unstructured":"Langfelder, P. & Horvath, S. WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis. BMC Bioinform. 9, 559 (2008).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"issue":"1","key":"27197_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2451-4","volume":"19","author":"H Sanz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanz, H. et al. SVM-RFE: selection and visualization of the most relevant features through non-linear kernels. BMC Bioinform. 19 (1), 432 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"issue":"1","key":"27197_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0730-1","volume":"11","author":"S Engebretsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Engebretsen, S. & Bohlin, J. Statistical predictions with glmnet. Clin. Epigenetics. 11 (1), 123 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"issue":"7","key":"27197_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12067","volume":"40","author":"J Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, J. et al. A nomogram for predicting overall survival in patients with low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma: A population-based analysis. Cancer Commun. (Lond). 40 (7), 301\u2013312 (2020).","journal-title":"Cancer Commun. (Lond)"},{"issue":"6","key":"27197_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.08.038","volume":"74","author":"B Van Calsterb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Calsterb, B. et al. Reporting and interpreting decision curve analysis: a guide for Investigators. Eur. Urol. 74 (6), 796\u2013804 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"5","key":"27197_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3337","volume":"12","author":"AM Newman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Newman, A. M., et al. Robust enumeration of cell subsets from tissue expression profiles. Nat. Methods. 12 (5), 453\u2013457 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"27197_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607622","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.607622","volume":"10","author":"B Xiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiao, B. et al. Identification and verification of Immune-Related gene prognostic signature based on SsGSEA for Osteosarcoma. Front. Oncol. 10, 607622 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"issue":"20","key":"27197_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt425","volume":"29","author":"EF Lock","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lock, E. F. & Dunson, D. B. Bayesian consensus clustering. Bioinformatics 29 (20), 2610\u20132616 (2013).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"12","key":"27197_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq170","volume":"26","author":"MD Wilkerson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wilkerson, M. D. & Hayes, D. N. ConsensusClusterPlus: a class discovery tool with confidence assessments and item tracking. Bioinformatics 26 (12), 1572\u20131573 (2010).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"D1","key":"27197_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D607","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1131","volume":"47","author":"D Szklarczyk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Szklarczyk, D. et al. STRING v11: protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets. Nucleic Acids Res. 47 (D1), D607\u2013D613 (2019).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"W1","key":"27197_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W60","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky311","volume":"46","author":"M Franz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Franz, M. et al. GeneMANIA update 2018. Nucleic Acids Res. 46 (W1), W60\u2013W64 (2018).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"D1","key":"27197_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D43","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw965","volume":"45","author":"KR Zhou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhou, K. R. et al. ChIPBase v2.0: decoding transcriptional regulatory networks of non-coding RNAs and protein-coding genes from ChIP-seq data. Nucleic Acids Res. 45 (D1), D43\u2013D50 (2017).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"27197_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2019.09.006","volume":"18","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. hTFtarget: a comprehensive database for regulations of human transcription factors and their Targets. Genomics Proteom. Bioinf. 18 (2), 120\u2013128 (2020).","journal-title":"Genomics Proteom. Bioinf."},{"issue":"11","key":"27197_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","volume":"13","author":"P Shannon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shannon, P. et al. Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res. 13 (11), 2498\u20132504 (2003).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"27197_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, J. H. et al. StarBase v2.0: decoding miRNA-ceRNA, miRNA-ncRNA and protein-RNA interaction networks from large-scale CLIP-Seq data. Nucleic Acids Res. 42(Database issue), D92\u2013D97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkt1248 (2014).","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1248"},{"issue":"4","key":"27197_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01122-6","volume":"18","author":"A Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh, A. RNA-binding protein kinetics. Nat. Methods. 18 (4), 335 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"27197_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crtox.2021.08.001","volume":"2","author":"CJ Grondin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grondin, C. J.,et al. Predicting molecular mechanisms, pathways, and health outcomes induced by Juul e-cigarette aerosol chemicals using the comparative toxicogenomics Database. Curr. Res. Toxicol. 2, 272\u2013281 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"27197_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet 392 (10159), 1789\u20131858 (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"27197_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-3188-6","volume":"21","author":"M Taso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taso, M. et al. A randomised controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of surgical and nonsurgical treatment for cervical radiculopathy. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 21 (1), 171 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord"},{"key":"27197_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H. J. et al. Hypoxia Helps Maintain Nucleus Pulposus Homeostasis by Balancing Autophagy and Apoptosis. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2020: 5915481. (2020).","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5915481"},{"key":"27197_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2022.10.009","volume":"37","author":"F Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang, F. et al. Regulated cell death: implications for intervertebral disc degeneration and therapy. J. Orthop. Translat. 37, 163\u2013172 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Translat"},{"issue":"8","key":"27197_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.05.005","volume":"27","author":"S Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. TGF-\u03b2 signaling in intervertebral disc health and disease. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 27 (8), 1109\u20131117 (2019).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"issue":"3","key":"27197_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.11.016","volume":"145","author":"J Verheijen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verheijen, J. et al. Defining a new immune deficiency syndrome: MAN2B2-CDG. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 145 (3), 1008\u20131011 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"27197_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2422","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.2422","volume":"12","author":"S Fan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fan, S. et al. Congenital disorders of glycosylation with multiorgan disruption and immune dysregulation caused by compound heterozygous variants in MAN2B2. Mol. Genet. Genomic Med. 12 (4), e2422 (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genomic Med."},{"key":"27197_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15662","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15662","volume":"5","author":"Z Kazezian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kazezian, Z. & Gawri, R. Gene expression profiling identifies interferon signalling molecules and IGFBP3 in human degenerative annulus Fibrosus. Sci. Rep. 5, 15662 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"27197_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-024-00320-0","volume":"12","author":"H Kang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kang, H. et al. The HIF-1alpha\/PLOD2 axis integrates extracellular matrix organization and cell metabolism leading to aberrant musculoskeletal repair. Bone Res. 12 (1), 17 (2024).","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"27197_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666361","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.666361","volume":"12","author":"L Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, L. et al. M2a Macrophage-Secreted CHI3L1 promotes extracellular matrix metabolic imbalances via activation of IL-13R\u03b12\/MAPK pathway in rat intervertebral disc Degeneration. Front. Immunol. 12, 666361 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"27197_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.09.018","volume":"18","author":"KR Nakazawa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nakazawa, K. R. et al. Accumulation and localization of macrophage phenotypes with human intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine J. 18 (2), 343\u2013356 (2018).","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"issue":"1","key":"27197_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2013.160","volume":"10","author":"MV Risbud","year":"2014","unstructured":"Risbud, M. V. & Shapiro, I. M. Role of cytokines in intervertebral disc degeneration: pain and disc content. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 10 (1), 44\u201356 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"27197_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2024.05.011","volume":"272","author":"TL Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, T. L. et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the MIF\/ACKR3 receptor-ligand interaction between neutrophils and nucleus pulposus cells in intervertebral disc degeneration. Transl Res. 272, 1\u201318 (2024).","journal-title":"Transl Res."},{"key":"27197_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844395","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.844395","volume":"10","author":"W Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, W. et al. The roles of blood Lipid-Metabolism genes in immune infiltration could promote the development of IDD. Front. Cell. Dev. Biol. 10, 844395 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"27197_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02075-y","volume":"21","author":"X Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, X. et al. Degenerated nucleus pulposus cells derived exosome carrying miR-27a-3p aggravates intervertebral disc degeneration by inducing M1 polarization of macrophages. J. Nanobiotechnol. 21 (1), 317 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"27197_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2023.12066","volume":"26","author":"H Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, H. et al. Increased levels of Circulating granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in lumbar disc herniation. Exp. Ther. Med. 26 (2), 367 (2023).","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"27197_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01105-4","volume":"21","author":"Y Jian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jian, Y. & Zhou, X. Crosstalk between macrophages and cardiac cells after myocardial infarction. Cell. Commun. Signal. 21 (1), 109 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell. Commun. Signal."},{"issue":"104","key":"27197_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20141191","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.1191","volume":"12","author":"M Molinos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Molinos, M. et al. Inflammation in intervertebral disc degeneration and regeneration. J. R Soc. Interface. 12 (104), 20141191 (2015).","journal-title":"J. R Soc. Interface"},{"key":"27197_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669598","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.669598","volume":"12","author":"H Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, H. et al. circARL15 plays a critical role in intervertebral disc degeneration by modulating miR-431-5p\/DISC1. Front. Genet. 12, 669598 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"27197_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-04412-1","volume":"18","author":"X Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, X., Hou, Q., Yuan, W. & Zhan, X. Inhibition of miR-96-5p alleviates intervertebral disc degeneration by regulating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3\/nuclear factor-kappaB pathway. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 18 (1), 916 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"27197_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e136137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136137","volume":"10","author":"S Elmasry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elmasry, S. & de Asfour, S. Effects of tobacco smoking on the degeneration of the intervertebral disc: a finite element study. PLoS One. 10 (8), e136137 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27197-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27197-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27197-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T04:32:34Z","timestamp":1766118754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27197-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["27197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-27197-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-2322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"44067"}}