{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T16:10:42Z","timestamp":1785946242061,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25K034895"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K034895"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23H00543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23H00543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"KEIRIN RACE","award":["2025M-329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M-329"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-27268-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T09:34:38Z","timestamp":1764927278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High-frequency ultrasound for microcirculation in metastatic mouse lymph node: contrast-free versus contrast-enhanced imaging"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Maeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Omura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariunbuyan","family":"Sukhbaatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Sugiura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Kodama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"27268_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02940-4","volume":"22","author":"Y Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Shang, J., Zhang, X. & Li, N. Advances in molecular imaging and targeted therapeutics for lymph node metastasis in cancer: A comprehensive review. J. Nanobiotechnol. 22, 783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-024-02940-4 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"27268_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-025-02949-y","volume":"132","author":"J Bundred","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bundred, J., Lal, N., Chan, D. K. H. & Buczacki, S. J. A. Lymph node yield as a surrogate marker for tumour biology and prognosis in colon cancer. Br. J. Cancer 132, 643\u2013651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-025-02949-y (2025).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"27268_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20517\/2394-4722.2018.61","author":"T Kodama","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kodama, T. et al. Tumor cell invasion from the marginal sinus into extranodal veins during early-stage lymph node metastasis can be a starting point for hematogenous metastasis. J. Cancer Metastasis Treat https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20517\/2394-4722.2018.61 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Cancer Metastasis Treat"},{"key":"27268_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2017.02.008","volume":"445","author":"K Takeda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takeda, K., Mori, S. & Kodama, T. Study of fluid dynamics reveals direct communications between lymphatic vessels and venous blood vessels at lymph nodes of mice. J. Immunol. Methods 445, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jim.2017.02.008 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"27268_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1177\/02841851241268463","volume":"65","author":"P Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, P. et al. Predicting axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer based on ultrasound radiofrequency time-series analysis. Acta Radiol. 65, 1178\u20131185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02841851241268463 (2024).","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"27268_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.Can-19-0458","volume":"79","author":"DR Welch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Welch, D. R. & Hurst, D. R. Defining the hallmarks of metastasis. Cancer Res. 79, 3011\u20133027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.Can-19-0458 (2019).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"27268_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.07.032","volume":"41","author":"K Ito","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ito, K. et al. High-accuracy ultrasound contrast agent detection method for diagnostic ultrasound imaging systems. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 41, 3120\u20133130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.07.032 (2015).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"27268_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-020-01176-y","volume":"28","author":"H Shima","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shima, H. et al. Comparing the extent of breast cancer tumors through contrast-enhanced ultrasound vs B-mode, opposed with pathology: Evergreen study. Breast Cancer 28, 405\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12282-020-01176-y (2021).","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"27268_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1109\/tmi.2025.3535550","volume":"44","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Fang, B., Li, H., Huang, L. & Luo, J. Ultrafast online clutter filtering for ultrasound microvascular imaging. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 44, 2477\u20132491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tmi.2025.3535550 (2025).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"27268_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"SDDE16","DOI":"10.35848\/1347-4065\/abf3a1","volume":"60","author":"H Hasegawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hasegawa, H., Mozumi, M., Omura, M. & Nagaoka, R. Improvement of spatial resolution of medical ultrasound images by constrained least-square method. Japanese J. Appl. Phys. 60, SDDE16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35848\/1347-4065\/abf3a1 (2021).","journal-title":"Japanese J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"27268_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/tuffc.2014.6689786","volume":"61","author":"M Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, M., Yang, X., Ding, M. & Yuchi, M. Spatio-temporally smoothed coherence factor for ultrasound imaging. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 61, 182\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tuffc.2014.6689786 (2014).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"27268_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.018","volume":"51","author":"K Flint","year":"2025","unstructured":"Flint, K., Huber, M., Long, J., Trahey, G. & Hall, T. Clutter-generating phantom material. part i: development of a tunable, acoustic clutter-generating layer for use with ultrasound tissue-mimicking phantoms. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 51, 768\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.12.018 (2025).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"27268_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/016173469701900101","volume":"19","author":"LA Ledoux","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ledoux, L. A., Brands, P. J. & Hoeks, A. P. Reduction of the clutter component in Doppler ultrasound signals based on singular value decomposition: A simulation study. Ultrason. Imaging 19, 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/016173469701900101 (1997).","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"27268_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1109\/tmi.2015.2428634","volume":"34","author":"C Demen\u00e9","year":"2015","unstructured":"Demen\u00e9, C. et al. Spatiotemporal clutter filtering of ultrafast ultrasound data highly increases doppler and fultrasound sensitivity. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 34, 2271\u20132285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tmi.2015.2428634 (2015).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"27268_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1109\/tuffc.2023.3289235","volume":"70","author":"J Baranger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baranger, J., Aguet, J. & Villemain, O. Fast thresholding of SVD clutter filter using the spatial similarity matrix and a sum-table algorithm. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 70, 821\u2013830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tuffc.2023.3289235 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"27268_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-025-02007-2","volume":"27","author":"M Omura","year":"2025","unstructured":"Omura, M. et al. Attenuation estimation and acoustic characterization of mouse lymph node tumor using high-frequency ultrasound. Mol. Imaging Biol. 27, 379\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11307-025-02007-2 (2025).","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"27268_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-021-10127-6","volume":"38","author":"T Yamaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yamaki, T. et al. Characterizing perfusion defects in metastatic lymph nodes at an early stage using high-frequency ultrasound and micro-CT imaging. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 38, 539\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10585-021-10127-6 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"27268_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-022-10147-w","volume":"39","author":"M Sakamoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sakamoto, M. et al. Perfusion defects in non-enlarged metastatic lymph nodes using vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging: Detection performance and diagnostic value. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 39, 421\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10585-022-10147-w (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"27268_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11520-5","author":"S Xia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xia, S. et al. Super-resolution ultrasound imaging of intranodal lymphatic sinuses for predicting sentinel lymph node metastasis in breast cancer: A preliminary study. Eur. Radiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-025-11520-5 (2025).","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"27268_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16933-x","volume":"7","author":"JA Ketterling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ketterling, J. A. et al. High-speed, high-frequency ultrasound, in utero vector-flow imaging of mouse embryos. Sci. Rep. 7, 16658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-16933-x (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"27268_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"SG1067","DOI":"10.35848\/1347-4065\/ac4ea9","volume":"61","author":"M Omura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Omura, M. et al. Characterization of blood mimicking fluid with ultrafast ultrasonic and optical image velocimeters. Japanese J. Appl. Phys. 61, SG1067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35848\/1347-4065\/ac4ea9 (2022).","journal-title":"Japanese J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"27268_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1109\/tuffc.2018.2824846","volume":"65","author":"S Harput","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harput, S. et al. Two-stage motion correction for super-resolution ultrasound imaging in human lower limb. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 65, 803\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tuffc.2018.2824846 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"27268_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"SJ1036","DOI":"10.35848\/1347-4065\/acbb11","volume":"62","author":"M Omura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Omura, M., Takeuchi, M., Nagaoka, R. & Hasegawa, H. Ultrasonic envelope statistical analysis in motion compensated images during temperature change. Japanese J. Appl. Phys. 62, SJ1036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35848\/1347-4065\/acbb11 (2023).","journal-title":"Japanese J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"27268_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32982-2","volume":"8","author":"RJG van Sloun","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Sloun, R. J. G. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound tractography for 3D vascular imaging of the prostate. Sci. Rep. 8, 14640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-32982-2 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"27268_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1109\/tuffc.2024.3411711","volume":"71","author":"J Arendt Jensen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arendt Jensen, J. et al. Super-resolution ultrasound imaging using the erythrocytes-part I: Density images. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 71, 925\u2013944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tuffc.2024.3411711 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"27268_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/12\/004","volume":"56","author":"R Tang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tang, R. et al. Microbubble-based synchrotron radiation phase contrast imaging: Basic study and angiography applications. Phys. Med. Biol. 56, 3503\u20133512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/12\/004 (2011).","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"27268_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae085f","author":"Y Xia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xia, Y. et al. Enhanced SVD filter based on singular vector subspace denoising improves ultrafast ultrasound microvascular imaging performance. Phys. Med. Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/ae085f (2025).","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"27268_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.07.010","volume":"43","author":"YR Hong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hong, Y. R. et al. Role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the pre-operative diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 43, 2567\u20132575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.07.010 (2017).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"27268_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.2007","volume":"16","author":"D Wegierak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wegierak, D. et al. Nanobubble contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging: A Review. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 16, e2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wnan.2007 (2024).","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"27268_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.220.199","volume":"220","author":"Y Tanaka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tanaka, Y. et al. Evaluating the role of rheumatoid factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis in a mouse model with a newly established ELISA system. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 220, 199\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1620\/tjem.220.199 (2010).","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"27268_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02645-w","volume":"42","author":"R Mishra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mishra, R., Sukhbaatar, A., Mori, S. & Kodama, T. Metastatic lymph node targeted CTLA4 blockade: A potent intervention for local and distant metastases with minimal ICI-induced pneumonia. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 42, 132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13046-023-02645-w (2023).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"27268_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7804","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11542-9","volume":"12","author":"P Spiesecke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spiesecke, P., Neumann, K., Wakonig, K. & Lerchbaumer, M. H. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in characterization of inconclusive cervical lymph nodes: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Sci. Rep. 12, 7804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-11542-9 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"50","key":"27268_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10396-023-01289-9","volume":"2001","author":"M Omura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Omura, M., Yagi, K., Nagaoka, R. & Hasegawa, H. Contrast analysis in ultrafast ultrasound blood flow imaging of jugular vein. J. Med. Ultrason. 2001(50), 131\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10396-023-01289-9 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"27268_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmi.2018.2789499","author":"J Baranger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baranger, J. et al. Adaptive Spatiotemporal SVD Clutter Filtering for Ultrafast Doppler Imaging Using Similarity of Spatial Singular Vectors | IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tmi.2018.2789499 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"27268_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2025.107589","volume":"149","author":"M Omura","year":"2025","unstructured":"Omura, M. et al. Dual-frequency excitation in high-frame-rate ultrasonic backscatter coefficient analysis of hemorheological properties. Ultrasonics 149, 107589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultras.2025.107589 (2025).","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27268-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27268-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27268-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T09:34:39Z","timestamp":1764927279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27268-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["27268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-27268-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Tohoku University (approval number: 2019BeA-008).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"This study is reported in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines (\n                      \n                      ).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"ARRIVE guidelines"}}],"article-number":"43200"}}