{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T20:31:53Z","timestamp":1781037113160,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-27290-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T14:16:39Z","timestamp":1764857799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Smart photonic crystal fiber optical sensor for tuberculosis detection with machine learning integration"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"A. H. M. Iftekharul","family":"Ferdous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thouhida Khanom","family":"Nisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Al","family":"Mamun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Jakir","family":"Hossen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Safiul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Feroz","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Shamim","family":"Anower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"27290_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.107","volume":"113","author":"J Chakaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chakaya, J. et al. Global tuberculosis report 2020: Reflections on the global TB BURDEN, treatment and prevention efforts. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 113, S7\u2013S12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.107 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"27290_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2020.165097","volume":"219","author":"NR Ramanujam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramanujam, N. R. et al. One-dimensional ring mirror-defect photonic crystal for detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Optik 219, 165097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijleo.2020.165097 (2020).","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"27290_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103906","volume":"45","author":"SH Chauke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chauke, S. H. et al. Advances in the detection and diagnosis of tuberculosis using optical-based devices. Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther. 45, 103906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103906 (2024).","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"issue":"10","key":"27290_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b00393","volume":"3","author":"P Ramirez-Priego","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ramirez-Priego, P. et al. Label-free and real-time detection of tuberculosis in human urine samples using a nanophotonic point-of-care platform. ACS Sens. 3(10), 2079\u20132086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssensors.8b00393 (2018).","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"27290_CR5","unstructured":"W. H. Organization, WHO consultation to adapt influenza sentinel surveillance systems to include COVID-19 virological surveillance: Virtual meeting, 6 \u2013 8 October 2020. World Health Organization, 2022."},{"key":"27290_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.92","author":"FA Al-Zamel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al-Zamel, F. A. Detection and diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/eri.09.92 (2009).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"issue":"22","key":"27290_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17759","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA15269K","volume":"6","author":"SK Srivastava","year":"2016","unstructured":"Srivastava, S. K., van Rijn, C. J. M. & Jongsma, M. A. Biosensor-based detection of tuberculosis. RSC Adv. 6(22), 17759\u201317771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C5RA15269K (2016).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"27290_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u201cTuberculosis Diagnostics in 2015: Landscape, Priorities, needs, and prospects | the journal of infectious diseases | oxford academic.\u201d Accessed: Jul. 11, 2025. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jid\/article-abstract\/211\/suppl_2\/S21\/2490732?redirectedFrom=fulltext","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu803"},{"issue":"11","key":"27290_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907847","volume":"363","author":"CC Boehme","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boehme, C. C. et al. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N. Engl. J. Med. 363(11), 1005\u20131015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0907847 (2010).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"21","key":"27290_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2013.2281825","volume":"31","author":"M Sharma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Borogohain, N. & Konar, S. Index guiding photonic crystal fibers with large birefringence and walk-off. J. Lightwave Technol. 31(21), 3339\u20133344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JLT.2013.2281825 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"issue":"16","key":"27290_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2013.2273126","volume":"31","author":"TD Bradley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bradley, T. D. et al. Optical properties of low loss (70dB\/km) hypocycloid-core kagome hollow core photonic crystal fiber for Rb and Cs based optical applications. J. Lightwave Technol. 31(16), 3052\u20133055 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"27290_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.2017.2725478","volume":"53","author":"Y Kwon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kwon, Y., Park, K., Hong, S. & Jeong, Y. Numerical study on the supercontinuum generation in an active highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber with flattened all-normal dispersion. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 53(5), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JQE.2017.2725478 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"27290_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/AIR\/2018\/38972","author":"MB Hossain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hossain, M. B., Podder, E., Adhikary, A. & Al-Mamun, A. Optimized hexagonal photonic crystal fibre sensor for glucose sensing. Adv Res https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/AIR\/2018\/38972 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv Res"},{"key":"27290_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2019.100275","volume":"23","author":"SM Atiqullah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Atiqullah, S. M. et al. Detection of harmful food additives using highly sensitive photonic crystal fiber. Sens Bio-Sens Res 23, 100275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbsr.2019.100275 (2019).","journal-title":"Sens Bio-Sens Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"27290_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2014.2366157","volume":"6","author":"H Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, H., Li, S., Li, J., Han, Y. & Wu, Y. High sensitivity of temperature sensor based on ultracompact photonics crystal fibers. IEEE Photonics J. 6(6), 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JPHOT.2014.2366157 (2014).","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"27290_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.10.052","volume":"269","author":"D Vigneswaran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vigneswaran, D., Ayyanar, N., Sharma, M., Sumathi, M. & Porsezian, K. Salinity sensor using photonic crystal fiber. Sens Actuators A: Phys 269, 22\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2017.10.052 (2018).","journal-title":"Sens Actuators A: Phys"},{"key":"27290_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2018.05.030","volume":"426","author":"MdS Islam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Islam, Md. S. et al. Sensing of toxic chemicals using polarized photonic crystal fiber in the terahertz regime. Opt Commun 426, 341\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optcom.2018.05.030 (2018).","journal-title":"Opt Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"27290_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3368","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2895166","volume":"19","author":"K Ahmed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmed, K. et al. Refractive index-based blood components sensing in terahertz spectrum. IEEE Sens. J. 19(9), 3368\u20133375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2895166 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"27290_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2019.101990","volume":"52","author":"J Qin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qin, J., Zhu, B., Du, Y. & Han, Z. Terahertz detection of toxic gas using a photonic crystal fiber. Opt. Fiber Technol. 52, 101990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yofte.2019.101990 (2019).","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"27290_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.000497","volume":"41","author":"LV Amitonova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amitonova, L. V. et al. High-resolution wavefront shaping with a photonic crystal fiber for multimode fiber imaging. Opt. Lett. 41(3), 497\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OL.41.000497 (2016).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"27290_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.11.047","volume":"145","author":"X Yu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yu, X., Zhang, Y., Kwok, Y. C. & Shum, P. Highly sensitive photonic crystal fiber based absorption spectroscopy. Sens. Actuators, B Chem. 145(1), 110\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2009.11.047 (2010).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, B Chem."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"27290_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2013-0026","volume":"2","author":"AMR Pinto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pinto, A. M. R. & Lopez-Amo, M. All-fiber lasers through photonic crystal fibers. Nanophotonics 2(5\u20136), 355\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/nanoph-2013-0026 (2013).","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"issue":"16","key":"27290_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17800","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3085829","volume":"21","author":"VS Chaudhary","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chaudhary, V. S., Kumar, D. & Kumar, S. Gold-immobilized photonic crystal fiber-based SPR biosensor for detection of malaria disease in human body. IEEE Sens. J. 21(16), 17800\u201317807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3085829 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"27290_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-021-01409-6","volume":"16","author":"A Habib","year":"2021","unstructured":"Habib, A., Rashed, A. N. Z., El-Hageen, H. M. & Alatwi, A. M. Extremely sensitive photonic crystal fiber-based cancer cell detector in the terahertz regime. Plasmonics 16(4), 1297\u20131306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11468-021-01409-6 (2021).","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"issue":"3","key":"27290_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-020-05019-w","volume":"27","author":"MMA Eid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eid, M. M. A., Habib, Md. A., Anower, Md. S. & Rashed, A. N. Z. Highly sensitive nonlinear photonic crystal fiber based sensor for chemical sensing applications. Microsyst Technol 27(3), 1007\u20131014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00542-020-05019-w (2021).","journal-title":"Microsyst Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"27290_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-024-01399-2","volume":"82","author":"AHMI Ferdous","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferdous, A. H. M. I. et al. Development and enhancement of PCF-based sensors for terahertz-frequency region breast cancer cell detection. Cell Biochem Biophys 82(3), 2837\u20132852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12013-024-01399-2 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"27290_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37681","author":"MS Islam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Islam, M. S., Ferdous, A. H. M. I., Noor, K. S. & Bani, M. M. Designing hollow-core PCF sensors for high-performance terahertz detection of NaCN and KCN. Heliyon https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37681 (2024).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"25","key":"27290_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36414","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.036414","volume":"27","author":"S Chugh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chugh, S., Gulistan, A., Ghosh, S. & Rahman, B. M. A. Machine learning approach for computing optical properties of a photonic crystal fiber. Opt. Express, OE 27(25), 36414\u201336425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.27.036414 (2019).","journal-title":"Opt. Express, OE"},{"issue":"6","key":"27290_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6326","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b03569","volume":"12","author":"W Ma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma, W., Cheng, F. & Liu, Y. Deep-learning-enabled on-demand design of chiral metamaterials. ACS Nano 12(6), 6326\u20136334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.8b03569 (2018).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"27290_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8074","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44522-7","volume":"9","author":"J Baxter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baxter, J. et al. Plasmonic colours predicted by deep learning. Sci Rep 9(1), 8074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-44522-7 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"25","key":"27290_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32704","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.032704","volume":"26","author":"T Asano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asano, T. & Noda, S. Optimization of photonic crystal nanocavities based on deep learning. Opt. Express, OE 26(25), 32704\u201332717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.26.032704 (2018).","journal-title":"Opt. Express, OE"},{"key":"27290_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.12.183","volume":"260","author":"M Trzaskowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trzaskowski, M., Napi\u00f3rkowska, A., Augustynowicz-Kope\u0107, E. & Ciach, T. Detection of tuberculosis in patients with the use of portable SPR device. Sens. Actuators, B Chem. 260, 786\u2013792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2017.12.183 (2018).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, B Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"27290_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01210-x","volume":"19","author":"W Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, W. et al. Surface plasmon resonance biosensor for exosome detection based on reformative tyramine signal amplification activated by molecular aptamer beacon. J Nanobiotechnol 19(1), 450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-021-01210-x (2021).","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"27290_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.03.089","volume":"147","author":"Z An","year":"2019","unstructured":"An, Z. & Jang, C.-H. Nanoparticle-assisted optical sensor for clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis. Microchem. J. 147, 941\u2013947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.microc.2019.03.089 (2019).","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"issue":"12","key":"27290_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-019-3164-x","volume":"125","author":"MdB Hossain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hossain, Md. B. & Podder, E. Design and investigation of PCF-based blood components sensor in terahertz regime. Appl. Phys. A 125(12), 861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00339-019-3164-x (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"27290_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-025-01672-y","author":"MdA Hossain","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hossain, Md. A., Chowdhury, Md. P., Hossain, Md. M., Rahman, M. & Hossain, Md. S. Hexagonal hollow core PCF-based blood components sensing: Design and simulation. Cell Biochem Biophys https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12013-025-01672-y (2025).","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"2","key":"27290_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ada88a","volume":"11","author":"M Balaji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Balaji, M. & Samikannu, S. A novel hollow-core antiresonant fiber-based biosensor for blood component detection in the THz regime. Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express 11(2), 025016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2057-1976\/ada88a (2025).","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"issue":"1","key":"27290_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82704-0","volume":"15","author":"V Sharif","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharif, V., Saberi, H. & Pakarzadeh, H. Designing a terahertz optical sensor based on helically twisted photonic crystal fiber for toxic gas sensing. Sci Rep 15(1), 2268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-82704-0 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"27290_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1007\/s12596-023-01464-8","volume":"53","author":"NM Saad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saad, N. M., El-Rabaie, E.-S.M. & Khalaf, A. A. M. Study of the optical properties for low-loss rectangular porous core photonic crystal fiber (R-PCF) topology for biomedical sensing application. J Opt 53(3), 2481\u20132502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12596-023-01464-8 (2024).","journal-title":"J Opt"},{"issue":"6","key":"27290_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-023-01938-2","volume":"18","author":"MG Daher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daher, M. G. et al. Optical biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance nanostructure for the detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria with ultra-high efficiency and detection accuracy. Plasmonics 18(6), 2195\u20132204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11468-023-01938-2 (2023).","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"issue":"6","key":"27290_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-023-01924-8","volume":"18","author":"R Srivastava","year":"2023","unstructured":"Srivastava, R., Pal, S. & Prajapati, Y. K. MXene-assisted D-shaped photonic crystal fiber probe with high sensitivity for detection of tuberculosis. Plasmonics 18(6), 2049\u20132058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11468-023-01924-8 (2023).","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"issue":"9","key":"27290_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-023-05071-6","volume":"55","author":"T Parvin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parvin, T., Jagadeesh, V. K. & Shahnawazuddin, S. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Design of steering shaped optically transparent biosensor for the detection of tuberculosis cells. Opt Quant Electron 55(9), 842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11082-023-05071-6 (2023).","journal-title":"Opt Quant Electron"},{"issue":"8","key":"27290_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-025-08369-9","volume":"57","author":"OE Khedr","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khedr, O. E., Mohammed, N. A., El-Rabaie, E.-S.M. & Khalaf, A. A. M. Advanced on-chip photonic sensors for malignancy biomarker detection using tunable nanostructures. Opt Quant Electron 57(8), 454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11082-025-08369-9 (2025).","journal-title":"Opt Quant Electron"},{"issue":"4","key":"27290_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s13538-025-01811-z","volume":"55","author":"A Rajakannu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rajakannu, A. et al. A high sensitivity terahertz biosensor with hybrid metasurfaces for tuberculosis detection leveraging the integration of machine learning and multi-material resonators. Braz J Phys 55(4), 189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13538-025-01811-z (2025).","journal-title":"Braz J Phys"},{"key":"27290_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2025.100814","volume":"48","author":"MS Islam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Islam, M. S. et al. Ultra-sensitive terahertz photonic crystal fiber sensor for detection of tuberculosis. Sens Bio-Sens Res 48, 100814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbsr.2025.100814 (2025).","journal-title":"Sens Bio-Sens Res"},{"key":"27290_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113595","volume":"222","author":"NA Mohammed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohammed, N. A., Khedr, O. E., El-Rabaie, E.-S.M. & Khalaf, A. A. M. Tuberculosis biomedical sensor based on on-chip nanocavity 2D photonic crystal with high sensitivity and quality factor. Measurement 222, 113595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113595 (2023).","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"27290_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-025-02833-8","author":"J Wekalao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wekalao, J. Graphene-enhanced terahertz metamaterial biosensor for tuberculosis detection with xgboost-based machine learning optimization. Plasmonics https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11468-025-02833-8 (2025).","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"issue":"3","key":"27290_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-024-01318-5","volume":"82","author":"AHMI Ferdous","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferdous, A. H. M. I. et al. Harnessing THz technology: Biosensor for highly accurate cervical cancer cell detection via refractive index. Cell Biochem Biophys 82(3), 2095\u20132106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12013-024-01318-5 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"27290_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2020.100384","volume":"30","author":"F Iqbal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iqbal, F. et al. Alcohol sensing and classification using PCF-based sensor. Sens Bio-Sens Res 30, 100384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbsr.2020.100384 (2020).","journal-title":"Sens Bio-Sens Res"},{"key":"27290_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108631","volume":"162","author":"MdG Hasan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hasan, Md. G. et al. Environmental monitoring with sensitive photonic fiber sensors for hazardous chemicals. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 162, 108631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.108631 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer"},{"issue":"11","key":"27290_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-025-09046-0","volume":"131","author":"D Kundu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kundu, D. et al. Floral-core zeonex photonic crystal fiber for high-sensitivity terahertz detection of hazardous industrial gases. Appl. Phys. A 131(11), 898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00339-025-09046-0 (2025).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"issue":"10","key":"27290_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/fib8100063","volume":"8","author":"MA Habib","year":"2020","unstructured":"Habib, M. A., Reyes-Vera, E., Villegas-Aristizabal, J. & Anower, M. S. Numerical modeling of a rectangular hollow-core waveguide for the detection of fuel adulteration in terahertz region. Fibers 8(10), 63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fib8100063 (2020).","journal-title":"Fibers"},{"issue":"3","key":"27290_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s13538-025-01751-8","volume":"55","author":"MdG Sadeque","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sadeque, Md. G. et al. Enhanced sensitivity for the detection of tuberculosis based on optical biosensor at terahertz band spectrum. Braz J Phys 55(3), 120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13538-025-01751-8 (2025).","journal-title":"Braz J Phys"},{"issue":"6","key":"27290_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2021.04.041","volume":"60","author":"AA-M Bulbul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bulbul, A.A.-M., Rashed, A. N. Z., El-Hageen, H. M. & Alatwi, A. M. Design and numerical analysis of an extremely sensitive PCF-based sensor for detecting kerosene adulteration in petrol and diesel. Alex. Eng. J. 60(6), 5419\u20135430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aej.2021.04.041 (2021).","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"27290_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2022.100485","volume":"36","author":"AHMI Ferdous","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferdous, A. H. M. I., Anower, Md. S., Musha, A., Habib, Md. A. & Shobug, Md. A. A heptagonal PCF-based oil sensor to detect fuel adulteration using terahertz spectrum. Sens Bio-Sens Res 36, 100485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbsr.2022.100485 (2022).","journal-title":"Sens Bio-Sens Res"},{"key":"27290_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2025.100886","volume":"20","author":"AHMI Ferdous","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ferdous, A. H. M. I. et al. Terahertz PCF sensor for explosive detection: A machine learning approach to nitroglycerine and royal demolition analysis. J Hazard Mater Adv 20, 100886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hazadv.2025.100886 (2025).","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater Adv"},{"issue":"2","key":"27290_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12596-023-01254-2","volume":"53","author":"D Srivastava","year":"2024","unstructured":"Srivastava, D. et al. Numerical study of photonic crystal fiber-based optical biosensor for detection of cervical cancer. J Opt 53(2), 1155\u20131162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12596-023-01254-2 (2024).","journal-title":"J Opt"},{"issue":"1","key":"27290_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s10043-021-00644-w","volume":"28","author":"T Parvin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parvin, T., Ahmed, K., Alatwi, A. M. & Rashed, A. N. Z. Differential optical absorption spectroscopy-based refractive index sensor for cancer cell detection. Opt Rev 28(1), 134\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10043-021-00644-w (2021).","journal-title":"Opt Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"27290_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-023-0675-z","volume":"13","author":"NA Mohammed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohammed, N. A., Khedr, O. E., El-Rabaie, E.-S.M. & Khalaf, A. A. M. High-sensitivity early detection biomedical sensor for tuberculosis with low losses in the terahertz regime based on photonic crystal fiber technology. Photonic Sens 13(2), 230202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13320-023-0675-z (2023).","journal-title":"Photonic Sens"},{"key":"27290_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2024.100682","volume":"45","author":"R Hossen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hossen, R. et al. Design of hexagonal shaped spectroscopy based biosensor for the detection of tuberculosis. Sens Bio-Sens Res 45, 100682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbsr.2024.100682 (2024).","journal-title":"Sens Bio-Sens Res"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27290-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27290-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27290-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T14:16:41Z","timestamp":1764857801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27290-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["27290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-27290-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"43138"}}