{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T15:50:17Z","timestamp":1766073017431,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Council UK grant","award":["[Grant number MR\/M013553\/1]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[Grant number MR\/M013553\/1]"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vasomotion, vascular oscillations at\u2009~\u20090.1\u00a0Hz, may serve as a biomarker and therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases, but its origins, structure across brain vasculature, and correlation with neural activity remain unclear. This study examined the spatiotemporal characteristics of cerebral vasomotion and its relationship to neural activity in anaesthetised Hooded Lister rats using simultaneous recordings of neuronal activity and haemodynamics in motor and whisker barrel cortices. In a subset of rats, tissue oxygen was also measured. Blood pressure was pharmacologically modulated to alter vascular oscillations. We found that vasomotion was driven by the arterial tree. Two prominent activity patterns emerged: fast vasomotion across the entire hemisphere and slow vasomotion seen as a travelling wave running through the surface arteries. Moreover, vasomotion was associated with low tissue oxygen and was largely independent of spontaneous neural activity and therefore not a product of neurovascular coupling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-27705-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T15:46:56Z","timestamp":1766072816000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disassociating cerebral vasomotion from low frequency spontaneous neurovascular coupling"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Runchong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Boorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Okun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Howarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Berwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"27705_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.66.082602.092845","volume":"66","author":"NK Logothetis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Logothetis, N. K. & Wandell, B. A. Interpreting the BOLD signal. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 66, 735\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.physiol.66.082602.092845 (2004).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"27705_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2011.0008","volume":"1","author":"KJ Friston","year":"2011","unstructured":"Friston, K. J. Functional and effective connectivity: a review. Brain Connect 1, 13\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/brain.2011.0008 (2011).","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"key":"27705_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008","volume":"20","author":"MP van den Heuvel","year":"2010","unstructured":"van den Heuvel, M. P. & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. Exploring the brain network: a review on resting-state fMRI functional connectivity. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 20, 519\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"27705_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1210-1370","volume":"16","author":"BV Zlokovic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zlokovic, B. V. Neurodegeneration and the neurovascular unit. Nat. Med. 16, 1370\u20131371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm1210-1370 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"85\u2013158","key":"27705_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1890.sp000321","volume":"11","author":"CS Roy","year":"1890","unstructured":"Roy, C. S. & Sherrington, C. S. On the regulation of the Blood-supply of the brain. J. Physiol. 11 (85\u2013158), 117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1890.sp000321 (1890).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"27705_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0069","volume":"4","author":"JE Mayhew","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mayhew, J. E. et al. Cerebral vasomotion: a 0.1-Hz oscillation in reflected light imaging of neural activity. Neuroimage 4, 183\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/nimg.1996.0069 (1996).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"27705_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2000.2254","volume":"209","author":"D Goldman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goldman, D. & Popel, A. S. A computational study of the effect of vasomotion on oxygen transport from capillary networks. J. Theor. Biol. 209, 189\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jtbi.2000.2254 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"issue":"936\u2013948","key":"27705_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.10.012","volume":"96","author":"C Mateo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mateo, C., Knutsen, P. M., Tsai, P. S., Shih, A. Y. & Kleinfeld, D. Entrainment of arteriole vasomotor fluctuations by neural activity is a basis of blood-oxygenation-level-dependent \u201cResting-State\u201d connectivity. Neuron 96 (936\u2013948), e933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.10.012 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"549\u2013561","key":"27705_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.10.033","volume":"105","author":"SJ van Veluw","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Veluw, S. J. et al. Vasomotion as a driving force for paravascular clearance in the awake mouse brain. Neuron 105 (549\u2013561), e545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.10.033 (2020).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"27705_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1996.0039","volume":"52","author":"BB Biswal","year":"1996","unstructured":"Biswal, B. B. & Hudetz, A. G. Synchronous oscillations in cerebrocortical capillary red blood cell velocity after nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Microvasc. Res. 52, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/mvre.1996.0039 (1996).","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"27705_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4863-8_66","volume":"454","author":"AG Hudetz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hudetz, A. G., Biswal, B. B., Shen, H., Lauer, K. K. & Kampine, J. P. Spontaneous fluctuations in cerebral oxygen supply. An. introduction. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 454, 551\u2013559 (1998).","journal-title":"An. introduction. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"27705_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14615","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.12.S1.S14615","volume":"12","author":"SM O'Connor","year":"2025","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, S. M. et al. Hemodynamic and neuronal contributions to low-frequency vascular oscillations in a preclinical model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurow 12, S14615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.NPh.12.S1.S14615 (2025).","journal-title":"Neurow"},{"key":"27705_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R204","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1994.266.1.R204","volume":"266","author":"EV Golanov","year":"1994","unstructured":"Golanov, E. V., Yamamoto, S. & Reis, D. J. Spontaneous waves of cerebral blood flow associated with a pattern of electrocortical activity. Am. J. Physiol. 266, R204-214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.1994.266.1.R204 (1994).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"27705_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(99)00491-7","volume":"270","author":"M Nakai","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nakai, M. & Maeda, M. Scopolamine-sensitive and resistant components of increase in cerebral cortical blood flow elicited by periaqueductal gray matter of rats. Neurosci. Lett. 270, 173\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0304-3940(99)00491-7 (1999).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"27705_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00658.2007","volume":"99","author":"J Berwick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Berwick, J. et al. Fine detail of neurovascular coupling revealed by spatiotemporal analysis of the hemodynamic response to single whisker stimulation in rat barrel cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 99, 787\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00658.2007 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"27705_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04347.x","volume":"22","author":"J Berwick","year":"2005","unstructured":"Berwick, J. et al. Neurovascular coupling investigated with two-dimensional optical imaging spectroscopy in rat whisker barrel cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22, 1655 (2005).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"27705_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20511","volume":"54","author":"A Kennerley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kennerley, A. et al. Concurrent fMRI and optical measures for the investigation of the hemodynamic response function. Magn. Reson. Med. 54, 354\u2013365 (2005).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"27705_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2339-14.2015","volume":"35","author":"L Boorman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boorman, L. et al. Long-latency reductions in gamma power predict hemodynamic changes that underlie the negative BOLD signal. J. Neurosci. J. Soc. Neurosci. 35, 4641\u20134656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2339-14.2015 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"27705_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4285","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6063-09.2010","volume":"30","author":"L Boorman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boorman, L. et al. Negative blood oxygen level dependence in the rat: a model for investigating the role of suppression in neurovascular coupling. J. Neurosci. J. Soc. Neurosci. 30, 4285\u20134294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6063-09.2010 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"27705_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04542-6","volume":"6","author":"LW Boorman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boorman, L. W. et al. Bidirectional alterations in brain temperature profoundly modulate spatiotemporal neurovascular responses in-vivo. Commun. Biol. 6, 185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-023-04542-6 (2023).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"27705_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.015","volume":"61","author":"AJ Kennerley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kennerley, A. J., Mayhew, J. E., Boorman, L., Zheng, Y. & Berwick, J. Is optical imaging spectroscopy a viable measurement technique for the investigation of the negative BOLD phenomenon? A concurrent optical imaging spectroscopy and fMRI study at high field (7 T). Neuroimage 61, 10\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.015 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"27705_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aster, R. C., Borchers, B. & Thurber, C. H. Parameter estimation and inverse problems. Third Edition, 211\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-804651-7.00013-4 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804651-7.00013-4"},{"key":"27705_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2004","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002004","volume":"3","author":"EA Clement","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clement, E. A. et al. Cyclic and sleep-like spontaneous alternations of brain state under urethane anaesthesia. PLoS One 3, e2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0002004 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"27705_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-2862(89)90051-4","volume":"37","author":"E Bouskela","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bouskela, E. Vasomotion frequency and amplitude related to intraluminal pressure and temperature in the wing of the intact, unanesthetized bat. Microvasc. Res. 37, 339\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0026-2862(89)90051-4 (1989).","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"27705_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H478","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1992.262.2.H478","volume":"262","author":"E Bouskela","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bouskela, E. & Grampp, W. Spontaneous vasomotion in hamster cheek pouch arterioles in varying experimental conditions. Am. J. Physiol. 262, H478-485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.1992.262.2.H478 (1992).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"27705_CR26","first-page":"297","volume":"2","author":"O Collin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Collin, O., Zupp, J. L. & Setchell, B. P. Testicular vasomotion in different mammals. Asian J. Androl. 2, 297\u2013300 (2000).","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"27705_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0360","author":"Y Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma, Y. et al. Wide-field optical mapping of neural activity and brain haemodynamics: considerations and novel approaches. Philosoph. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B Biol. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2015.0360 (2016).","journal-title":"Philosoph. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"27705_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.26.591414","author":"MG Kozberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kozberg, M. G. et al. Loss of spontaneous vasomotion precedes impaired cerebrovascular reactivity and microbleeds in a mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. biorxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.04.26.591414 (2024).","journal-title":"biorxiv"},{"key":"27705_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X231152550","volume":"43","author":"LP Munting","year":"2023","unstructured":"Munting, L. P. et al. Spontaneous vasomotion propagates along pial arterioles in the awake mouse brain like stimulus-evoked vascular reactivity. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. J. Int. Soc. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 43, 1752\u20131763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678X231152550 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. J. Int. Soc. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"27705_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa179","volume":"143","author":"IF Harrison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harrison, I. F. et al. Impaired glymphatic function and clearance of tau in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model. Brain 143, 2576\u20132593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa179 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"27705_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700999","volume":"32","author":"AJ Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith, A. J. & Verkman, A. S. The, \u201cglymphatic\u201d mechanism for solute clearance in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: game changer or unproven speculation?. FASEB J. 32, 543\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.201700999 (2018).","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"27705_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H799","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1999.277.2.H799","volume":"277","author":"U Lindauer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lindauer, U., Megow, D., Matsuda, H. & Dirnagl, U. Nitric oxide: a modulator, but not a mediator, of neurovascular coupling in rat somatosensory cortex. Am. J. Physiol. 277, H799-811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.1999.277.2.H799 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"27705_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21848","volume":"30","author":"W Majeed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Majeed, W., Magnuson, M. & Keilholz, S. D. Spatiotemporal dynamics of low frequency fluctuations in BOLD fMRI of the rat. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging JMRI 30, 384\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.21848 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging JMRI"},{"key":"27705_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.036","volume":"83","author":"GJ Thompson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thompson, G. J. et al. Neural correlates of time-varying functional connectivity in the rat. Neuroimage 83, 826\u2013836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.036 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"27705_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.09.029","volume":"84","author":"GJ Thompson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thompson, G. J., Pan, W. J., Magnuson, M. E., Jaeger, D. & Keilholz, S. D. Quasi-periodic patterns (QPP): large-scale dynamics in resting state fMRI that correlate with local infraslow electrical activity. Neuroimage 84, 1018\u20131031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.09.029 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"27705_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.10.044","volume":"87","author":"A Rayshubskiy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rayshubskiy, A. et al. Direct, intraoperative observation of ~0.1 Hz hemodynamic oscillations in awake human cortex: implications for fMRI. Neuroimage 87, 323\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.10.044 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"27705_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1634","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00605.2006","volume":"292","author":"TR Uhrenholt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Uhrenholt, T. R., Domeier, T. L. & Segal, S. S. Propagation of calcium waves along endothelium of hamster feed arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circulat. Physiol. 292, H1634-1640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.00605.2006 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circulat. Physiol."},{"key":"27705_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2011","volume":"92","author":"L Leybaert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leybaert, L. & Sanderson, M. J. Intercellular Ca(2+) waves: mechanisms and function. Physiol. Rev. 92, 1359\u20131392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00029.2011 (2012).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"27705_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199407000-00004","volume":"79","author":"WE Johnston","year":"1994","unstructured":"Johnston, W. E., DeWitt, D. S., Vinten-Johansen, J., Stump, D. A. & Prough, D. S. Phenylephrine does not reduce cerebral perfusion during canine cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth. Analg. 79, 14\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/00000539-199407000-00004 (1994).","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"issue":"2349\u20132367","key":"27705_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.04.034","volume":"112","author":"T Broggini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Broggini, T. et al. Long-wavelength traveling waves of vasomotion modulate the perfusion of cortex. Neuron 112 (2349\u20132367), e2348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.04.034 (2024).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"27705_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.11.069","volume":"153","author":"YR Gao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gao, Y. R. et al. Time to wake up: Studying neurovascular coupling and brain-wide circuit function in the un-anesthetized animal. Neuroimage 153, 382\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.11.069 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"27705_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.16.472794","author":"B Eyre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eyre, B. et al. The effects of locomotion on sensory-evoked haemodynamic responses in the cortex of awake mice. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.12.16.472794 (2021).","journal-title":"bioRxiv"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27705-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27705-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27705-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T15:46:57Z","timestamp":1766072817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-27705-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["27705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-27705-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"44102"}}