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One hundred and twenty fingerlings (3.15\u2009\u00b1\u20090.15\u00a0g\/fish) were randomly distributed into 4 triplicate groups (10 fish\/replicate). The pomegranate peel was added to the fish diet at 1, 3, and 5\u00a0g\/kg diet as Bp1%, Bp3%, and Bp5%. They were given to Nile tilapia for 60 days. Fish fed a diet supplemented with pomegranate peel displayed higher growth (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and antioxidants with normal histology of the liver and spleen. Additionally, the intestinal villi length and goblet cells increased (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) with increasing levels of biochar with the overexpression of the growth, antioxidant, and immune-related genes. The return parameters also showed the same trend, as the highest total return, net profit and rate of return on investment were recorded for fish-fed pomegranate peel-supplemented diets. Thus, pomegranate peel biochar could be considered a promising cost-effective supplement with the potential to improve Nile tilapia\u2019s growth performance, antioxidant status, and economic feasibility.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28173-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:58:50Z","timestamp":1764604730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of dietary pomegranate peel biochar on performance and economics of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shimaa Tarek Mohamed","family":"Kasseh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Mohamed","family":"Abaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel Hassan","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayada M. 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