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The process was conducted at a current density of 200\u00a0mA\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , utilizing a powder mixture containing 22.5 wt.% ferroboron (Fe-B), 70 wt.% borax (Na\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    B\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and 7.5 wt.% ammonium chloride (NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    Cl). The obtained coatings were examined using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM\/EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Metallographic analysis revealed a distinct saw-tooth shaped interface between the boride layer and the underlying transition zone, which was consistent and uniform across the examined area. XRD results revealed the formation of a dual-phase boride layer (FeB\/Fe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    B) with traces of chromium and vanadium borides. The kinetics of the boriding process were evaluated using the classical parabolic growth law, demonstrating a parabolic relationship between boride layer thickness and treatment time. The activation energy required for boron diffusion throughout the boride layer was determined to be 168.4\u00a0kJ\/mol. Additionally, the microhardness and wear rate were evaluated. The boride layer reached a thickness up to 252\u00a0\u00b5m and exhibited a microhardness of 1956\u2009\u00b1\u200967 HV\n                    <jats:sub>0.05<\/jats:sub>\n                    , representing an increase of over 300% compared to the quenched and tempered specimens, which had a microhardness of 543\u2009\u00b1\u20098 HV\n                    <jats:sub>0.05<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The findings demonstrated that the phase composition and thickness of the boride coatings are strongly influenced by the immersion time and processing temperature.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28422-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T09:49:05Z","timestamp":1765187345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enhancement of tribological behavior and microhardness of AISI H13 tool steel by electrochemical boriding"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Mourad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Mahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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