{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T21:41:27Z","timestamp":1794260487532,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program","award":["No. 2019QZKK0905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2019QZKK0905"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28434-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T15:58:13Z","timestamp":1767023893000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Research on the deformation mechanisms of red-bed deposits with straight line deposit-bedrock interfaces in Xiangjiaba Reservoir area"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yijun","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuchu","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunpeng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"28434_CR1","first-page":"574","volume":"35","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Hu, Y. & Wang, Z. The variable characteristics of the factor of safety for typical rock bedded slope during the course of reservoir water level rise. J. Disaster. Prev. Mitig. Eng. 35, 574\u2013580 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Disaster. Prev. Mitig. Eng."},{"key":"28434_CR2","first-page":"148","volume":"2","author":"L Muller","year":"1964","unstructured":"Muller, L. The rock slide in the Vajont Valley. Rock. Mech. Rock. Eng 2, 148\u2013212 (1964).","journal-title":"Rock. Mech. Rock. Eng"},{"key":"28434_CR3","first-page":"77","volume":"5","author":"L Zhong","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zhong, L. Inspiration from the landslide in Vajont Reservoir. Italy. Chinese J Geol Hazard Control 5, 77\u201384 (1994).","journal-title":"Italy. Chinese J Geol Hazard Control"},{"key":"28434_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-015-0815-x","volume":"49","author":"P Paronuzzi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paronuzzi, P., Bolla, A. & Rigo, E. Brittle and ductile behavior in deep-seated landslides: learning from the Vajont Experience. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 49, 2389\u20132411 (2016).","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"28434_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1139\/t04-049","volume":"41","author":"F Dai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dai, F. et al. A large landslide in Zigui County. Three Gorges area. Can Geotech J 41, 1233\u20131240 (2004).","journal-title":"Three Gorges area. Can Geotech J"},{"key":"28434_CR6","first-page":"12","volume":"3","author":"B Wen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wen, B., Shen, J. & Tan, J. The action mechanism of water in Qianjiangping landslide. Hydrogeol. Engg. Geol. 3, 12\u201318 (2008).","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. Engg. Geol."},{"key":"28434_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-008-0130-7","volume":"5","author":"F Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang, F. et al. Mechanism for the rapid motion of the Qianjiangping landslide during reactivation by the first impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam reservoir. China. Landslides 5, 379\u2013386 (2008).","journal-title":"China. Landslides"},{"key":"28434_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2018.08.016","volume":"245","author":"F Miao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miao, F. et al. Centrifuge model test on the retrogressive landslide subjected to reservoir water level fluctuation. Eng. Geol. 245, 169\u2013179 (2018).","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"28434_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-023-02217-4","volume":"19","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. Centrifuge modeling test on reactivation of ancient landslide under sudden drop of reservoir water and rainfall. Acta Geotech 19, 5651\u20135672 (2024).","journal-title":"Acta Geotech"},{"key":"28434_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-025-04560-0","volume":"84","author":"Y Xiong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiong, Y. et al. Research on the deformation mechanism of Tonglin deposits in Xiangjiaba Reservoir area. B Eng. Geol. Environ. 84, 1\u201317 (2025).","journal-title":"B Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"28434_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"2017","author":"N Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao, N. et al. The coupling effect of rainfall and reservoir water level decline on the Baijiabao landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. China. Geofluids 2017, 1\u201312 (2017).","journal-title":"China. Geofluids"},{"key":"28434_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"2018","author":"B Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han, B. et al. The monitoring-based analysis on deformation-controlling factors and slope stability of reservoir landslide: Hongyanzi landslide in the Southwest of China. Geofluids 2018, 1\u201314 (2018).","journal-title":"Geofluids"},{"key":"28434_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2374236","volume":"2019","author":"J Iqbal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iqbal, J. & Tu, X. The impact of reservoir fluctuations on reactivated large landslides: a case study. Geofluids 2019, 1\u201316 (2019).","journal-title":"Geofluids"},{"key":"28434_CR14","unstructured":"Wei, J. Effects of reservoir level fluctuations on reactivation of landslide in reservoir area. Institute of rock and soil mechanics. the Chinese academy of science (2006)."},{"key":"28434_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2022.106590","volume":"301","author":"C Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou, C. et al. Characteristic comparison of seepage-driven and buoyancy-driven landslides in Three Gorges Reservoir area. China. Eng. Geol. 301, 106590 (2022).","journal-title":"China. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"28434_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2016.08.001","volume":"8","author":"Y Yin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yin, Y. et al. Reservoir-induced landslides and risk control in Three Gorges project on Yangtze River. China. J. Rock. Mech. Geotech. 8, 577\u2013595 (2016).","journal-title":"China. J. Rock. Mech. Geotech."},{"key":"28434_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1515\/geo-2019-0024","volume":"11","author":"H Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, H. et al. Characteristics and hysteresis of saturated-unsaturated seepage of soil landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. China. Open Geosci. 11, 298\u2013312 (2019).","journal-title":"China. Open Geosci."},{"key":"28434_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2022.04.004","volume":"15","author":"M Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, M., Yang, X. & Zhou, J. Spatial distribution and failure mechanism of water-induced landslides in the reservoir areas of Southwest China. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. 15, 442\u2013456 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech."},{"key":"28434_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2024.131871","volume":"642","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu, Y. et al. Rainfall and water level fluctuations dominated the landslide deformation at Baihetan Reservoir. China. J. Hydrol. 642, 131871 (2024).","journal-title":"China. J. Hydrol."},{"key":"28434_CR20","first-page":"700","volume":"28","author":"J Xiong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiong, J. et al. Landslide risk assessment in Xiluodu Reservoir area based on GIS and information model. Resour. Environ. Yangtze. Basin. 28, 700\u2013711 (2019).","journal-title":"Resour. Environ. Yangtze. Basin."},{"key":"28434_CR21","first-page":"609","volume":"30","author":"F Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang, F. et al. Spatio-temporal distribution pattern and susceptibility of reservoir-induced landslides in Xiluodu Hydropower Station. J. Eng. Geol. 30, 609\u2013620 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"28434_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-018-1404-5","volume":"78","author":"S Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. Characterizing the spatial distribution and fundamental controls of landslides in the three gorges reservoir area. China. B Eng. Geol. Environ. 78, 4275\u20134290 (2018).","journal-title":"China. B Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"28434_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2019.04.014","volume":"216","author":"H Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang, H., Wasowski, J. & Juang, C. Geohazards in the three Gorges Reservoir Area, China \u2013 Lessons learned from decades of research. Eng Geol 216, 1\u201316 (2019).","journal-title":"Eng Geol"},{"key":"28434_CR24","first-page":"28","volume":"42","author":"Q Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, Q. & Tang, R. Study on red beds and its geological hazards. Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng. 42, 28\u201350 (2022).","journal-title":"Chinese J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"28434_CR25","first-page":"841","volume":"25","author":"S Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. Response patterns of old landslide with different slip-surface shapes triggered by fluctuation on reservoir water level. J. Eng. Geol. 25, 841\u2013852 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"28434_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2019.105212","volume":"260","author":"M Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang, M. et al. Activity law and hydraulics mechanism of landslides with different sliding surface and permeability in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. China. Eng. Geol. 260, 105212 (2019).","journal-title":"China. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"28434_CR27","first-page":"136","volume":"46","author":"J Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou, J. et al. Response patterns of buoyancy weight loss landslides under reservoir water level fluctuation in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Hydrogeol. Eng. Geol. 46, 136\u2013143 (2019).","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"28434_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2021.106480","volume":"296","author":"S Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo, S. et al. Influence of permeability on the stability of dual-structure landslide with different deposit-bedding interface morphology: The case of the three Gorges Reservoir area. China. Eng. Geol. 296, 106480 (2022).","journal-title":"China. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"28434_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-024-03603-2","volume":"83","author":"L Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, L. et al. Revealing the characteristics and type of chair-shaped landslides considering the reservoir water effect in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. China. B Eng. Geol. Environ. 83, 155 (2024).","journal-title":"China. B Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"28434_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2024.107832","volume":"344","author":"B Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, B. et al. Study on the deformation mechanism of chair-like bedding rock landslides under the coupling effect of geological and hydrological factors. Eng. Geol. 344, 107832 (2025).","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"28434_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-017-1053-0","volume":"77","author":"A Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, A. et al. Landslide susceptibility of Xiangjiaba Reservoir area associated with the Yaziba Fault. B Eng. Geol. Environ. 77, 1\u201311 (2018).","journal-title":"B Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"28434_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"83","author":"Z Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu, Z. et al. Statistical investigation of induced seismicity associated with the impoundment of Xiangjiaba Reservoir. Southwestern China. B Eng. Geol. Environ. 83, 1\u201322 (2024).","journal-title":"Southwestern China. B Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"28434_CR33","unstructured":"Yang, H. Study on Permeability Characteristic and Hysteresis of the Landslide Mass in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Chengdu University of Technology (2020)."},{"key":"28434_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1139\/cgj-2019-0069","volume":"58","author":"A Richard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richard, A., Oh, W. & Brennan, G. Estimating the critical height of unsupported trenches in the vadose zone. Can Geotech. J. 58, 66\u201382 (2020).","journal-title":"Can Geotech. J."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-28434-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-28434-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-28434-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T12:21:07Z","timestamp":1777119667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-28434-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["28434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-28434-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"44875"}}