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A comprehensive evaluation of\n                    <jats:italic>PTH<\/jats:italic>\n                    inhibition performance was conducted through chemical weight loss and electrochemical techniques, involving potentiodynamic polarization (\n                    <jats:italic>PDP<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (\n                    <jats:italic>EIS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), which demonstrated a significant reduction in\n                    <jats:italic>CS<\/jats:italic>\n                    corrosion.\n                    <jats:italic>PDP<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>EIS<\/jats:italic>\n                    reinforced these findings, confirming the robust protective nature of\n                    <jats:italic>PTH<\/jats:italic>\n                    with an inhibition potency of 96%. The mitigation power of the\n                    <jats:italic>PTH<\/jats:italic>\n                    can be explained by its adsorption onto the\n                    <jats:italic>CS<\/jats:italic>\n                    surface, which followed the Langmuir adsorption model. The inhibitor exhibited exceptional stability and efficiency across varying temperature conditions and various immersion times using EIS, reinforcing its reliability in harsh acidic media, with a mitigation capacity of 97.16% at 50\u00a0\u00b0C and 97.3% after 24\u00a0h. The morphology of the\n                    <jats:italic>CS<\/jats:italic>\n                    surface was examined using\n                    <jats:italic>SEM<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy),\n                    <jats:italic>AFM<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Atomic Force Microscopy), and\n                    <jats:italic>XPS<\/jats:italic>\n                    (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), exhibiting the\n                    <jats:italic>PTH<\/jats:italic>\n                    adsorption over\n                    <jats:italic>CS<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which was also proved and elucidated employing theoretical quantum investigations as density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28496-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T14:04:59Z","timestamp":1764857099000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Multifaceted insights of experimental, surface, and computational investigations for a synthesized pyrazolyl derivative inhibitor for carbon steel corrosion in an acidic environment"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Basma M. 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