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Therefore, the current study aimed to estimate the prevalence, phenotypic, and genotypic profiling of antimicrobial resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>C. freundii<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates obtained from diseased broiler chickens and native Egyptian buffaloes in Kafr El-Sheikh and Dakahlia governorates, Egypt. Also, the investigation of the antibacterial activity of chitosan (CS) 1%, 2%, and chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs), including the estimation of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) and their combinations with ciprofloxacin (CIP), were evaluated.\n                    <jats:italic>C. freundii<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected in 57.58% (19\/33) of broiler chickens and 52.63% (20\/38) of buffalo. Surprisingly, 26.32% (5\/19) and 20% (4\/20) of chicken and buffalo samples, respectively were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 42.11% (8\/19) and 15% (3\/20) were extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and 31.58% (6\/19) and 65% (13\/20) were pan drug-like-resistant (PDR). High frequencies of resistance genes were observed, including\n                    <jats:italic>int<\/jats:italic>\n                    1,\n                    <jats:italic>dfrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    1,\n                    <jats:italic>sul<\/jats:italic>\n                    2,\n                    <jats:italic>aad<\/jats:italic>\n                    A1,\n                    <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n                    A, and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\u2265\u200980%), while other genes such as\n                    <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>\n                    B,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CMY\u22122<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>OXA\u221210<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    (M),\n                    <jats:italic>mcr-<\/jats:italic>\n                    1,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX\u2212M,<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>cat<\/jats:italic>\n                    A1 were detected at variable rates. Alarmingly, all ESBL\/AmpC-producing isolates co-harbored multiple critical resistance genes. CSNPs showed markedly lower MIC and MBC values compared with 1% and 2% CS, indicating significantly stronger bactericidal activity. The concerning prevalence of PDR like-\n                    <jats:italic>C. freundii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in food animals is brought to light by our results, which also provide credence to the use of 2% CS\u2013CIP and CSNPs\u2013CIP combinations as potential substitute treatments for resistant infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28607-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T16:47:02Z","timestamp":1764953222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Chitosan mitigates pan drug resistance in citrobacter freundii exhibiting AmpC and ESBL from Egyptian livestock"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ibtisam Faeq","family":"Hasona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"28607_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab209","volume":"76","author":"K R\u00e4is\u00e4nen","year":"2021","unstructured":"R\u00e4is\u00e4nen, K. et al. 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When the scope of the study was later expanded to include additional isolates (such as\n                      C. freundii\n                      ), a new ethical approval was obtained in 2025 from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, at Mansoura University in Egypt (Approval code: MU-ACUC (VM.PhD.25.02.53)). All subsequent analyses and experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines (\n                      \n                      ).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"43285"}}