{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T21:10:58Z","timestamp":1787087458456,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cognitive impairment (CI) is a known complication of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), potentially hindering effective self-care. While many studies have addressed global cognitive decline, few have explored domain-specific impairments in Indian community settings. This study aimed to assess the extent of CI among T2DM patients and identify the prevalence and determinants of specific deficits in working memory; focused, sustained, divided attention, and problem solving. A primary health care setting-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 441 urban T2DM patients aged 30\u201365 years in southern India. Participants with \u2265\u20094 years of diabetes mellitus underwent assessment with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment tool. Those scoring\u2009&lt;\u200926 were assessed using standardized tools for distinct cognitive domains: the Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Color Trail Test, Digit Vigilance Test, Tower of London, and Triads Test. Relevant sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected via a validated interview schedule. The chi-square test, Fisher\u2019s exact test, the Mann\u2012Whitney U test, and binary logistic regression analysis were used to test associations. Of the total 441 participants, 138 (31.3%) had cognitive impairment. Among them, impairments in divided attention, verbal learning, immediate verbal memory, delayed verbal memory, recognition memory, planning and problem-solving ability, sustained attention and processing speed, sustained attention accuracy and impulsivity control, and focused attention and cognitive flexibility were present among 48 (34.7%), 108 (72.8%), 127 (92.0%), 133 (96.3%), 123 (89.1%), 15 (10.8%), 98 (71.0%), 115(83.3%), and 17 (12.3%) patients, respectively. Significant associations were observed between recent random blood sugar levels\u2009\u2265\u2009200\u00a0mg\/dl and impaired verbal learning [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.35 (0.99\u20135.54),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.052); skilled\/unskilled occupation [AOR 9.53 (1.28\u201371.12),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.028)], homemaker\/unemployed occupation [AOR 5.48 (0.96\u201331.16),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.055], overweight\/obese status [AOR 5.05 (1.1\u201323.08),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.037] and impaired immediate verbal memory; joint family status (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.053), absence of family history of DM [AOR 4.07 (1.87\u201314.015),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.026] and impaired planning and problem-solving; middle SES and impaired sustained attention (processing speed) [AOR 3.59 (1.35\u20139.59),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.011]; and being married [AOR 8.4 (1.6\u201344.5),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.012], absence of family history of DM [AOR 4.38 (1.43\u201313.4),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01] and impaired sustained attention (accuracy); and lower SES and impaired focussed attention [AOR 8.96 (1.01\u201381.85),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.05]. One in three individuals with T2DM had cognitive deficits, particularly in the memory and attention domains. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating domain-specific cognitive screening into routine diabetes care among the high-risk groups identified in this study for early intervention and improved management outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28613-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T16:18:59Z","timestamp":1767025139000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Determinants of selective domains of cognitive impairment among diabetes mellitus patients: a primary health care setting-based study in India"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nipun Vattathode","family":"Murali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasudha Kadikadka","family":"Gangadhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"28613_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0048-7","volume":"14","author":"GJ Biessels","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biessels, G. 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The approval number was IEC KMC MLR 02\/2023\/58.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics approval"}},{"value":"The collected research data will be used to prepare a research paper that will be used for conference presentation and for publication. These details were stated in the consent form.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Consent was obtained from each participant with the help of a consent form. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"44891"}}